micro-organisms summary

Question 1

what are moulds?

Answer 1

they are filamentous fungi that cause superficial infection but can be systemic e.g. aspergillosis

Question 2

what do moulds form?

Answer 2

a mat of mycelium - this may have a septate

Question 3

what are multiple fungal cells?

Answer 3

mycelium - collection of hypha

Question 4

how do moulds replicate?

Answer 4

the mould spore are produced in the sporangium and it depends on the type of tissue that you have as to whether there is a fruiting body produced as well

Question 5

what size are helminths?

Answer 5

they are macroscopic

Question 6

what types can helminths be?

Answer 6

intestinal or non-intestinal but these can migrate to the intestines

Question 7

what are protozoa?

Answer 7

they are eukaryotes that arent plants or fungi

Question 8

what do ciliates have?

Answer 8

cilia outside their cells

Question 9

what do flagellates have?

Answer 9

flagella on surface to aid movement

Question 10

what is acomplexa?

Answer 10

special bodies to infect certain things

Question 11

how do parasites replicate?

Answer 11

can have vectors and multiple hosts

Question 12

what do some parasites form?

Answer 12

cysts - similar to the endospore in bacteria

Question 13

what do viruses require?

Answer 13

a pay load - RNA or DNA and a host cell to replicate

Question 14

what is the protein coat made of?

Answer 14

it is a capsid made up of capsomeres

Question 15

how are viruses classified commonly?

Answer 15

based on symmetry

Question 16

do viruses have a cell wall?

Answer 16

no - they can be covered in a lipid envelope from the cell membrane of the original cell they infected or can be nakes

Question 17

how can viruses escape from cells?

Answer 17

they can burst out and escape or bled out and take some of the membrane with them which avoids the immune system of the host

Question 18

what can RNA strands be?

Answer 18

positive or negative sense

Question 19

what is required of negative sense before the ribosome and why?

Answer 19

converted to positive sense so can be made into protein

Question 20

how is positive strand RNA made from RNA?

Answer 20

reverse transcriptase makes RNA into cDNA and then to postivie RNA

Question 21

how are virus families names?

Answer 21

based on the presence of DNA or RNA

Question 22

what determines which cells are infected by viruses?

Answer 22

tissue tropisms

Question 23

how are viruses recognised?

Answer 23

through standard take or receptor mediated endocytosis after attachment

Question 24

what happens once the virus is in the host cell?

Answer 24

it uncoats and releases genetic material

Question 25

how are cellular processes of the host cell taken over by the virus?

Answer 25

using intergrase

Question 26

what are prions?

Answer 26

proteinatious infectious particles

Question 27

how is a cascade formed by prions?

Answer 27

misfolded proteins can induce other proteins to misfold

Question 28

what happens to amyloid that is produced?

Answer 28

it aggregates

Question 29

what is the effect of prion infection?

Answer 29

sponge like holes in the brain - deterioration of brain function

Question 30

why are prion infections lethal?

Answer 30

they are hard to eradicate and cannot be treated