Tumors and Mutations Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of benign tumours?

A

• They have a capsule around them called a basement
membrane
• They do not invade neighbouring tissues
• They do not spread to other parts of the body

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of malignant tumours?

A

• They invade the basement membrane and no ;longer
have a capsule
• They can survive in low oxygen environments
so can grow deep within tissues and in places
where blood supply is limited
• They invade other body tissues causing damage
to multiple different tissues
• They can spread and cause secondary tumours
in other parts of the body
• They are harder to detect, remove and treat

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3
Q

What are proto-oncogenes

A

proto-oncogenes code for proteins that stimulate cell
division (e.g. in response to growth hormone)

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4
Q

what are tumour suppressor genes

A

tumour suppressor genes code for proteins that slow/stop
cell division or cause cell death. (e.g. in response to damaged
DNA).

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5
Q

How do mutations in DNA lead to tumour formation?

A

Proto-oncogenes can mutate to form oncogenes.
• The oncogenes can cause cells to keep dividing at a fast
rate
• Mutated tumour suppressor genes increases cell
division and does not promote cell death.
• Both mutations result in an abnormal cell cycle and
results in cells dividing uncontrollably causing a tumour
to develop.

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