Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > Tumor Immunology > Flashcards

Tumor Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor immunology is based on the preposition that tumors express _______________ that are not usually found on normal cells or they are expressed on normal cells at __________________ that they ___________.

A

novel antigens

such low levels that they do not provoke an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is immune surveillance?

A

the ability of the immune system to perceive respond to and control the growth and metastasis of neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three stages of “immune editing”?

A
  1. elimination
  2. equilibrium
  3. escape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What two things could happen in the elimination phase?

A

it can lead to the complete eradication of the neoplasm or it can be incomplete and leave residual tumor cells behind that are dormant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is “tumor dormancy”?

How does it occur?

A

If there is incomplete elimination of the neoplasm, the remaining tumor cells reach equilibrium where there is not detectable tumor growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What stage of immune editing experiences tumor dormancy?

A

Equilibrium stage and the tumor cells are killed as they are produced OR they just don’t grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an “Escape Mutant”?

A

a tumor cell that no longer expresses tumor antigens so it is able to escape the immune system and proliferate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What elements of the innate immune response are involved in the elimination and equilibrium phases of immune editing?

A

Macrophages
NK cells
gammadelta T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What elements of the adaptive immune system are involved in the elimination and equilibrium phase of immune editing?

A

CD8 T cells

CD4 T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What cells do the immune escape phase involve?

A

CD4CD25 Tregs that suppress CD8 and NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Genetically transmitted forms of cancer involve mutations in genes that control:

A
  1. cell growth
  2. DNA repair
  3. regulation of the cell cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What oncogene is involved in Burkitt’s lymphoma?

From what chromosome to what chromosome does it get translocated?

A

C- myc oncogene

From chromosome 8 to chromosome 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What gene is c-myc translocated next to in Burkitt’s lymphoma?
What does this lead to?

A

next to the IgH gene of B-cells

This leads to uncontrolled B cell proliferation and tumorigenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are three examples of chemical carcinogens?

A

asbestos, nitrate, nictotine/tar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are two examples of physical carcinogens?

A

UV irradiation

gamma-irradiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are three examples of viruses that cause cancer?

A
  1. Epstein-Barr–> pharynx
  2. HPV–> cervix
  3. Human T cell lymphoma/leukemia virus (HTLV)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of cancer?

A
  1. Multistep process
  2. Heterogeneity –> malignancy
  3. Lack of antigens–> malignancy
  4. Lack of response to growth regulation–>malignancy
  5. Metastasis–> malignancy
  6. dormancy can be followed with relapse
  7. MDR–> malignancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 4 properties of tumor antigens?

A
  1. foreign or altered self (not expressed in thymus)
  2. high molecular weight
  3. chemically complex
  4. degradable with APC and can be located on MHCII
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are oncofetal antigens?

When are they present?

A

expressed during embryogenesis, but disappear in adult tissue and reappear on tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two types of oncofetal antigens?

A 
Carcinoembryonic Antigens (CEA) 
Alpha-fetaprotein (AFP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is CEA?

What types of cancer is it present in the serum for?

A

carcinoembryonic antigen- it is a oncofetal antigen that is expressed colon and pancreatic cancers and is present in serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)?

What cancers is it present in?

A

An oncofetal antigen that increases in pregnancy , then dissipates
It increased with liver and pancreatic cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are used as markers to detect tumor progression particularly for GI-related cancer?

A

AFP, CEA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 5 major classes of tumor antigens?

A
  1. oncofetal antigens
  2. carbohydrate antigens
  3. clonal or differentiation antigens on lymphomas
  4. Mutant cellular gene products
  5. Viral gene products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrate antigens on tumors?

A
  1. gangliosides

2. mucins

26
Q

What is a ganglioside?

What cancers is it expressed in?

A

glycolipids on normal neurons but overexpressed in melanoma and colon cancer

27
Q

What is mucin?

What cancers is it expressed in?

A

under-glycosylated mucin does not require MHC presentation for T cell recognition and is expressed in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and pancreatic cancer

28
Q

What are B cell lymphomas?

A

monoclonal have Ab with the same idiotype which can be conjugated to a protein carrier and used as a vaccine

29
Q

What mutant cellular gene products are expressed in tumors?

A

Growth factor receptors like EGFR, IL-2R

30
Q

What type of carcinoma is Epstein Barr?

A

Nasopharyngeal

31
Q

What two cells are involved in the innate response to tumors?

A

Macrophages and NK cells

32
Q

What are the 5 ways a NK cell can induce cell death?

A
  1. Perforin-induced osmotic lysis
  2. TNF-a induced apoptosis
  3. IFN-gamma induced apoptosis
  4. Fasl-induced apoptosis
  5. ADCC
33
Q

How do NK cells mediate tumor cell killing by ADCC?

A

NK cells express Fc receptors that engage the constant region of Ab that have coated the antigens on a tumor cell. When it binds, the NK cell releases perforin and the target cell dies

34
Q

What two types of cancer are ADCC used to control?

A

Melanoma and lymphoma

35
Q

What are the two types of macrophages?

A

M1- which is anti-tumor

M2- which is pro-tumor

36
Q

When the macrophage releases IFN-gamma, what type of macrophage does it become?
Is it pro- or anti- tumor and what are the actions?

A

M1- anti-tumor

It releases TNFa, IL-12 (which stimulates Th1 which produces more IFN-gamma), and ROS

37
Q

What cytokines differentiate macrophages to M2?

A

IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, glucocorticoids

38
Q

What do M2 macrophages produce?

A

VEGF, MMP (matric metaboproteases which increase tumors invasive abilities) IL-10, Th2, arginase 10

39
Q

What cells are involved in the adaptive immune response to tumors?

A

T-cells and B- cells

40
Q

How do T cells respond to tumors?

A
  1. kill them directly by releasing perforin (CD8)
  2. Release IFN-gamma to activate NK cells and macrophages
  3. TNFa and IFNg to induce apoptosis OR initiate dormancy/senescence
41
Q

How do B cells respond to tumors?

A
  1. produce antibodies that fix cancer cells or activate complement cascade
  2. Activate ADCC by engaging NK, basophils, eosinophils, macrophages
42
Q

What is passive immunotherapy?

A

the person is transferred monoclonal antibodies against the tumor antigens

43
Q

What are the five ways that passive immunotherapy antibodies can produce anti-tumor effects?

A
  1. direct complement lysis
  2. ADCC
  3. induce apoptosis
  4. inhibit angiogenesis
  5. blocking checkpoints that inhibit T-cell immune response
44
Q

What are the four drugs that are FDA approved as passive immunotherapy against tumors?
What cancer does each treat?

A
  1. Rituxamib- B-cell lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
  2. Trastuzumab- Breast cancer
  3. Ipilimumab- melanoma
  4. Bevacizumab (avastin)- colorectal
45
Q

How does Rituxamib block?
What kind of cancer does it treat?
What is the major mode of action?

A

It blocks CD20 on B cells and used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
It promotes ADCC

46
Q

How does Trastuzumab work?
What type of cancer does it treat?
What are the modes of action?

A

It is directed against Her2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor) which is over-expressed in breast cancer.
It reduces proangiogenic factors and ADCC.

47
Q

How does Avastin work (bevacizumab)?
What cancer is it used to treat?
What are the modes of action?

A

It is anti-VEGF and treats colorectal cancer prolonging lifespan by months.
It works by inhibiting angiogenesis.

48
Q

How does Ipilimumab work?
What cancer is it used to treat?
What is the mode of action?

A

It is anti-CTLA4 so it blocks the molecule that deactivates T cells
(CTLA4 binds preferentially with B71-B72 so CD28 on the T cell can’t bind and thus signal 2 is not received by the T cell to activate)
It is used to treat melanoma but requires months/years to regress the cancer
Its mode of action is to block inhibitor receptors for T cell activation

49
Q

What is the non-FDA approved passive immunotherapy drug in the works?
What is its mode of action?
What kind of cancer would it be used for?

A

Anti-PD-L1.
PD-L1 is expressed on a variety of normal tissues but is overexpressed on cancer cells.
PD-L1 binds to PD-1 on T-cells to shut off activation and inhibit inflammation by downregulating TNFa and IFNg

It is used for melanoma and kidney cancer

50
Q

What is active immunotherapy?

A

Tumor antigens are combined with adjuvants (danger signals) to provoke immune response (inflammation)

51
Q

What is adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy?

A

A patients cells from a tumor are removed and cultured in vitro to stimulate NK and macrophage response and antigen specific T cell response to “boost” the cells. They are then reinjected into the patient

52
Q

Why is adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy considered an active and passive immunization hybrid?

A

It is sortof active because the patient’s own cells are generating the immune response (but in vitro instead of in vivo)
It is sort of passive because after the in vitro generation of boosted NK cells, macrophages, and antigen specific T cells, they are injected back.

53
Q

What are two examples of adoptive cell transfer cells?

A

LAK- Lymphokine-activated Killer cell

Dendritic Cell vaccine (provenge)

54
Q

What is a lymphokine-activated killer cell (LAK)?
What type of cell do they most resemble?
When they are injected back into patients, what do they direct?
What cancer are they used to treat?

A

Lymphocytes are collected from a patient and cultured in vitro with IL-2 to grow and generate these LAKs which are activated NK cells.
When injected back into the patient they direct cytolysis especially in melanoma.

55
Q

What is Provenge?

What type of cancer is it used to treat?

A

dendritic cell vaccine–

  1. dendritic cells are cultured in vitro with GM-CSF and a tumor antigen
  2. they are adoptively transferred back to the patient where they present the tumor antigen to T-cells to generate specific T cell response.

This is used to treat prostate cancer.

56
Q

What are the 4 major mechanisms utilized by tumors to subvert the immune system?

A
  1. reduce expression of tumor antigens on MHC1
  2. Elaborate anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive factors
  3. Express cell membrane molecules to induce apoptosis of immune cells
  4. inactivate complement cascade
57
Q

If the tumor downregulates antigen presentation in MHC1 molecules to CD8 cells, how might they still be killed?

A

By NK cells that lose their inhibitory signal (but still express their activating kill signal)

58
Q

What are three tumor derived immunosuppressive molecules that control local response?
What two cell types are suppressed?
What soluble ligand controls immune response?

A
  1. TGFb, IL-10, Indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO) suppress local immune response
  2. Tregs and myeloid-derived supressor cells (MDSC) suppress NK and T cell mediated killing
    3, Soluble FasL binds to Fas on T cells to induce apoptosis
59
Q

What molecules do tumor cells express on their cell membrane to induce apoptosis of immune cells?

A

PD-1L to inhibit T cell proliferation and induce apoptosis

FasL to induce apoptosis

60
Q

How do tumor cells inactivate the complement cascade?

A

Complementary Regulatory Proteins (CRPs) are secreted by tumors that inactivate the cascade and protect against lysis by complement fixing Ab.

Immunology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions