Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > Immunoglobulin > Flashcards

Immunoglobulin Flashcards

1
Q

In what two situations would you see a gamma -globulin band on electrophoresis?

A
  1. Hyper-immunized

2. Multiple mylenoma (plasma cell tumor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Papain digestion of the Ig results in what?

A
  1. 2 Fab fragments- antigen binding components

2. 1 Fc fragment- effector portion of the Ig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an isotype?

A

a distinct form the Ig heavy chain (mu, alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon) or the light chain (lamda or kappa) present in all members of a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which isotypes can be readily found in normal sera?

A

All of them (but E and D in trace amounts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an allotype?

A

Genetic variants in the constant regions of Ig that are inherited in an allelic manner. This varies by member of a species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

____________is the same for all members of a species while ______________differs amongst members of the same species.

A

Isotype; allotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an idiotype of an Ig?

A

a unique antigenic specificity conferred in the variable region of the Ig which distinguishes it from all other antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What antibodies will have the same idiotype?

A

those that arise from the same B-cell founder clones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_______________can be detected in serum, while ________ cannot be detected in serum due to their extremely low frequencies.

A

Isotype; idiotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In what people are you actually able to detect idiotypes in serum?

A

Patients with B-cell clonal expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the level of IgG in serum?

A

12-14 microg/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What percent of serum is IgG?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the major sites for IgG?

A

intravascular and extravascular (tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the half life of IgG?

A

23 days (IgG3 is only 7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are IgA found?

A

Intravascularly and In secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which Ig contains J and S chains?

Which Ig only contains J chains?

A 
J+S = IgA
J= IgM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is the molecular weight of IgM significantly more than the other Ig?

A

It exists as a pentamer which is why it is also mainly intravascular (too big to get into tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are IgD found?

A

on mature B-cells (with IgM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are IgE found?

A

on mast cells and basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What antibody is best at binding FcR? What does this allow it to do?

A

IgG-> recycles the antibodies to maintain constant serum levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What antibodies can induce ADCC?

A

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What antibodies are best at neutralizing toxins?

A

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What antibodies can be found in breast milk?

A

IgG and IgA although IgG can also cross the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which antibodies have antiviral functions?

A

IgG and IgA

25
Q

Which antibodies are antibacterial?

A

IgG and IgA (with the assistance of lysozyme)

26
Q

Which antibodies are agglutinators?

A

IgM is the best (then IgA, and a tiny bit IgG)

27
Q

Which antibodies are best at fixing complement?

A

IgM

28
Q

Which antibodies can degranulate mast cells?

A

IgE

29
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Organized clumping of antigen

30
Q

What test uses hemoagglutination to do blood typing tests?

A

Coomb’s test where there is agglutination of anti-RBC coated RBCs

31
Q

IgM coated antigens can readily be __________________ by phagocytes if they are coated with __________________.

A

opsonized; complement C3b

32
Q

What are the three major reasons why IgG are the best at neutralizing toxins and small pathogens like viruses?

A
  1. high affinity
  2. high serum levels (and high tissue levels)
  3. long half life
33
Q

What is the main strategy of IgG to keep viruses from infecting cells?

A

block their cell attachment site

34
Q

Once a target is coated with _________ or _________ macrophages can readily engulf the “opsonized target” because they have _____ and _____ receptors.

A

IgG or C3b because they have Fc and complement (CR1) receptors

35
Q

The complement receptor on the macrophage is _______ whereas the complement receptor on the B-cell is __________.

A

CR1; CR2 (CD21)

36
Q

What is ADCC?

What antibody is best at inducing it? Why?

A

antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity.

IgG is best at inducing it because it can bind to FcR.

37
Q

What four cell types have FcR that can engage IgG-target complexes?
Which 2 release perforins?
Which 2 release TNF?

A
  1. macrophages- TNF
  2. basophils
  3. NK cells- perforin
  4. eosinophils- perforin
38
Q

Monoclonal Abs are being used in clinic to target and destroy tumor cells in the body. They do so via_____________________.

A

Antigen-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

39
Q

By what age do IgG and IgA become dominant over IgM?

A

4 years of age

40
Q

Maternal ______ crosses the placenta but the serum levels in the baby drop by __________.

A

IgG; 6 months

41
Q

The first Ig the baby will make is ______ which plateaus at________ years of age.

A

IgM, 1-2 years old

42
Q

Which cell produces IgA heavy and light chains?
Which cell produces J-chains?
Which cell produces Poly-IgR?

A

Plasma cells produces IgA heavy and light chains and the Jchain

Epithelial cells produce the Poly-IgR chain

43
Q

What feature of IgA increases its avidity?

A

its dimerization

44
Q

What is the major role of IgA?

A

to neutralize toxins (can’t bind complement or do ADCC)

45
Q

What is the most common immunodeficiency disease (freq 1:500)?

A

Selective IgA deficiency- GI, respiratory, ear infections (because IgA is the antibody in secretions

46
Q

What is passive immunization?

A

Xenogenic anti-pathogen or anti-toxin is transferred from 1 species to another (ex. horse or sheep anti-venom)

47
Q

What is the only real use for passive immunization anymore?

A

anti-venom to snake or spider bites (infect horse or sheep with venom, collect their antibodies and inject into the human)

48
Q

What are three advantages of passive immunization?

What is the major disadvantage?

A 
Advantages:
1. pre-made and fast
2. inexpensive
3. usually pretty effective
Disadvantage:
It can lead to serum sickness because the immune system will make antibodies to the horse antibodies
49
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is frequently caused by passive immunization?

A

Type III- immune complex hypersensitivity because the immune system makes antibodies to the immunizations antibodies –> serum sickness

50
Q

What is given as a plasma protein replacement therapy for immunodeficient patients?

A

Polyclonal IVIG (usually for IgG)

51
Q

What if IVIG used for?

What type of immunity does it confer?

A

it is given to maintain adequate antibody levels to prevent infection.
It confers passive immunity and is transferred human to human so there is less chance of serum sickness

52
Q

How frequently does treatment of IVIG need to be given? Why?

A

every 3-4 weeks because the half-life of IgG is 23 days.

53
Q

What diseases are treated by IVIG?

A
  1. Immunodificiencies
  2. pediatric HIV
  3. lymphoprolifative disease
  4. Kawasaki’s diseas
  5. Guillian-Barre
54
Q

Why can IVIG be used to treat autoimmune disorders?

A

IgG is used to overload the immune system because it used FcRN to keep serum levels equal. By adding IgG, more of the “bad” antibodies (autoreactive) will be gotten rid of and the “good” will be recycled

55
Q

What are four way by which IVIG may work?

A
  1. binding inhibitory Fc regions
  2. binding FcR on macrophages to recycle to pathogentic Ab can bind
  3. Complement consumption
  4. engagement of anti-idiotypic networks
56
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies and how can they be produced?

A

They are antibodies specific for one antigen. They can be produced by:

  1. by immortalized plasma cells in the bone marrow
  2. recombinant engineering
57
Q

Why may monoclonal antibodies be more safe than IGIV passive therapy?

A

IVIG uses Ab from a donor, whereas the Ab of monoclonal therapy are genetically engineered in a lab. There is less likelihood of transferring donor infections

58
Q

What is the difference between a chimeric Ab and humanized Ab when engineering Ab via monoclonal Ab therapy?

A

Chimeric- The Fab fragments belong to mice but the Fc belongs to humans to reduce chance of serum sickness
Humanized- HV regions are mice, the rest of the Ab is human

Immunology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions