Tulving's episodic & semantic LTM (Tulving 1972) Flashcards
What are the 3 elements of Tulving ?
- Episodic
- Semantic
- Procedural
What did subsequent researchers have simplified this into ?
- Declarative (explicit = consciously work to remember)
- Procedural (implicit = memories you remember unconsciously & effortlessly)
What are semantic memories ?
- General factual info about world around us
- Conscious & declarative
- Associated with other facts that link concepts together
What is the time referencing of semantic memories ?
- Distinguished by episodic/autobiographical memory by absence of temporal & spatial details about context of learning
- Not ordered according to time & place
How are semantic memories encoded ?
Acoustically & evidence for visually too
Where are semantic memories located ?
Frontal & temporal lobe
How are semantic memories retrieved ?
- Doesn’t rely on stored info
- Just stored rules
How are semantic memories forgotten ?
- Less susceptible to transformation
- Strong memory trace
What are episodic memories ?
- Personal experiences
- Conscious & declarative
How are episodic memories time referenced ?
- Linked to time & context they took place
- Time & spatially referenced
How are episodic memories retrieved ?
Use cues present at point of learning & prior knowledge
How are episodic memories forgotten ?
- Retrieval cue failure
- Memories can be changed/distorted in content = linked to previous memories
What is autonoetic consciousness in episodic memory ?
Remembering in sense of self-recollection in mental re-enactment of previous events where they were present
Why are semantic memories less vulnerable to distortion ?
Doesn’t rely on stored information
How is HM supporting research ?
- Episodic memory impaired = had difficulty recalling events from past
- Semantic memory relatively unaffected = still understood meaning of words
How is Squire & Zola opposing research ?
- Children with amnesia (no semantic memories)
- Adults with amnesia (both stores)
- Participants equally impaired = not completely different stores (medial temporal lobe)
What is a criticism ?
- Damage to temporal cortex = damage to declarative & non declarative
- Same location = may be same thing just working in different ways
What are the applications ?
- Police can use retrieval cues
- Go back to crime using episodic memory
- Leading questions = distortion (Loftus & Palmer)
What is an alternative theory ?
Reconstructive memory = memory may be schemas
