Tuesday 2 - Trachte - Eye autonomics

Question 1

How is the ciliary muscle contracted

Answer 1

parasympathetic innervation (M3 receptor), used for looking at things that are close.

Question 2

Sympathetic effects on aqueous humor

Answer 2

formation stimulated by beta 2 (this leads to increases in cAMP)

formation inhibited by alpha 2

Question 3

Parasympathetic effects on the eye with regards to:

focusing
pupil
aqueous humor

what kind of receptor?

Answer 3

focuses eye for near vision via contration of the ciliary muscle

constricts pupil

enhances drainage of aqueous humor

all mediated by muscarinic receptors

Question 4

inhibitor of parasympathetic nervous system that results in dilation of the eye

Answer 4

Atropine

Question 5

Sympathomimetics

Answer 5

things that stimulate or mimic stimulation of sympathetic nerves.

e.g. atropine to dilate the pupil

Question 6

cocaine will dialate the pupil if:

Answer 6

there is NE in the synaptic terminal of the sympathetic nervous system. cocaine stops the re-uptake of the NE.

if you have horner’s syndrome, then this will not dilate the pupil

Question 7

amphetamines will dilate the pupil if:

Answer 7

the oculomotor nerve terminal is present and has NE in it. (amphetamines reverses the axoplasmic pump)

Question 8

Mydriatics, what are they

Answer 8

alpha 1 adrenergic stimulants.

Question 9

pharmacological activator of the sympathetic nervous system that results in dilation of the eye

Answer 9

phenylephrine 2.5 - 10% (mydrifin) (agonises alpha 1)

Question 10

ptosis

Answer 10

drooping of the eye

Question 11

no dilation in response to cocaine unilaterally in the eye means this diagnosis

Answer 11

horner’s syndrome

Question 12

This drug agonizes muscarinic receptors, causing miosis (constriction) and is used when diagnosing whether there is a parasympathetic inhibition or a mechanical inhibition to miosis

(also two other minor examples)

Answer 12

pilocarpine

Nicotine, acetylcholine

Question 13

When something has -azosin as a suffix, what is it commonly used as?

Answer 13

alpha 1 receptor antagonist

Question 14

three most common drugs used to treat glaucoma + mechanisms of action

Answer 14

1 - latanoprost (xalatan)

prostaglandin derivative
increases uveo-scleral outflow of aqueous humor

2 - timolol (timoptic)

betablocker - decreases formation of aqueous humor (beta 2 agonization makes aqueous humor)

3 - pilocarpine (pilocar)

enhances flow through the canal of SCHLEMM

BONUS: epi (enhances outflow)

Question 15

Mech of botox

Answer 15

supresses acetylcholine release from nerves

Question 16

drug that best determines whether or not you have an occulomotor defect or a general eye defect?

Answer 16

pilocarpine

not really sure why, but it was one of his practice questions.