Saturday - fall out boy PLUS Thursday 2 & 3 why? idk

Question 1

name of the area where the optic nerve goes to in the pupilary light reflex pathway

where does it go from there in order to constrict the pupil?

Answer 1

CN II

pretectal nucleus (these nucleii have axons that run between them to make the reflex bilateral) (general vision that goes to the cortex goes to the lateral geniculate nucleus)

edinger-westphal nucles (in the mesencephalon)

then to the ciliary gangion

CN III goes to constrictor muscle of the iris

Question 2

What receptor increases formation of tears

Answer 2

beta 2 by increasing cAMP

alpha 2 decreases producation by decreaseing cAMP

Question 3

4 steps in visual transduction (biochemically)

Answer 3

light activated rhodopsin
activates g-protein
activates phosphodiesterase
makes cGMP
sodium channels close

Question 4

scotopic vs phototopic cells

Answer 4

sco - rods, more pigmented (rhodopsin), saturated easily, slower,
photo - cones, less pigmented, faster, less sensitive

Question 5

temporal acuity

Answer 5

how quickly you can see two seperate evets

50hz in the eye

Question 6

Path of sound from cochlea to brain

Answer 6

Hair cell

Spiral ganglion (in the modiolus)

axons from SG travel as the auditory nerve

terminate in the cohclear nucleus

fibers from cochlear nucleus go to the superior olivary complex (everything at and after this point, your brain interprets bilaterally) (effarents also come from here and go back to cochlea)

lateral lemniscus

inferior colliculus

brachium to inferior colliculus

Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalmus

internal capsule

primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

Question 7

2 primary efferent pathways from brain to ear

Answer 7

from superior olivary complex back to the hair cells

from superior olivary complex (to the motor nucleus of the trigeminal) to the middle ear muscles:

tensor tympani, attachs to the malleus,

Superior olivary complex to vestibulocochlear to stapedius, attaches to the stapes

Question 8

When you turn your head to the left, and the left SC canal depolarizes, where does this information go>?

Answer 8

vestibular nucleii in your brainstem->

medial longitudinal fasciculus->

eye muscles

Question 9

Lesion on the right side of the semicircular canal. what type of nystagmus?

Answer 9

left.

(lesion on the right means that the left is COMPARATIVELY depolarizes, so brain stem thinks that head is moving to the left, get
VOR to the right, nystagmus to the left.

Question 10

names for the fast and slow components in nystagmus

Answer 10

pursuit - slow

saccade - fast

Question 11

Where is the inferior vestibular nucleus?

medial vestibular nucleus?

Answer 11

lateral to the solitary tract in the medulla

anterior to the solitary tract in the medulla, just lateral to the fourth ventricle.

Question 12

What structures are separated by fibers of the facial nerve in the pons??

Answer 12

superior vestibular nucleus (lateral to the facial nerve)

abducens nucleus (medial to the facial nerve)