Tudors (religion, economy, foreign policy, government) Flashcards
How many men were recorded to have attended council under Henry VII’s reign?
Around 227
What were the 3 main functions of the council under Henry VII?
To advise the king
To administer the realm on the kings behalf
To make legal judgements
What were the 3 main types of councillors under Henry VII?
Members of nobility e.g. Lord Daubeney - but the working council rarely included members of the magnates (higher nobility)
Churchmen e.g. Richard Fox - often had legal training and were administrators
Laymen e.g. Sir Reginald Bray - gentry or lawyers who were skilled administrators, Henry continued this trend from Edward IV
Why did Henry VII raised an army against the French in 1489?
He had a sense of obligation to the French
He feared that direct French control of Brittany would increase a potential threat to England
What is a ‘fiefdom’? How was Brittany one?
An area which feudal over lordship is exercised
Brittany was rule by Duke Francis II, his daughter was his only heir and so could not inherit the fiefdom when he died - the French saw this as an opportunity to claim Brittany and strip it of it’s independence
What was the Treaty of Redon
Agreed between England and Brittany in 1489
Duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany from French threat
For what reasons did Henry VII want to seek positive relations with foreign powers?
To ensure national security
For the recognition of the Tudor dynasty
To defend English trading interests
Why did Maximilian not want Brittany to fall into French hands?
He had contracted a marriage-by-proxy with the Duchess Anne
What happened after the English army went to Brittany?
Anne feared for the futility of prolonged resistance to the French, she surrendered and married Charles VIII
The English army were marooned in Brittany, and Maximilian lost interest in the matter
Why did Henry VII launch and invasion of France after being marooned in Brittany?
He learnt from his agents that Charles VIII was more interested in launching and invasion of Italy, and so would quickly seek a peace settlement with Henry to avoid distraction
What did the Treaty of Etaples gain Henry VII?
Charles VIII withdrew his support for Perkin Warbeck, and paid a pension to Henry to compensate for the expense of having to recruit an army for invasion
How was the invasion of France to protect Brittany successful for Henry VII?
He was able to defend national and dynastic interests
He improved his financial position
He ensured a period of cordial Anglo-French relations
What was the Intercursus Magnus?
The major commercial treaty between England and the Duchy of Burgundy which restored normal trading links between the two
What was the Intercursus Malus?
A trade agreement from 1506; it never fully became operative and by the following year relations were restored
Why was it important to H7 that good relations be maintained with Burgundy?
The bulk of England’s exports went through the ports of the Netherlands e.g. Antwerp and Bruges - which were under Burgundy’s jurisdiction
Why was Margaret of Burgundy a problem for H7?
She was the leading upholder of the yorkist cause
She enlisted the help of her stepson in law - Maximilian the HRE and then passed jurisdiction of the Netherlands to his 16 year old son
They both offered hospitality to Perkin Warbeck
Why would an embargo on English trade with Burgundy cause issues for H7?
It would put his two foreign policy objectives in conflict with another - in giving priority to his dynastic interests he was showing that he was prepared to sacrifice commercial interests
What was the outcome of the intercursus malus?
Philip and Maximilian agreed to hand of the Earl of Suffolk, a yorkist.
Henry was able to improve England’s trading position and the security of the dynasty
What did the Treaty of Medina Del Campo give Henry?
It gave him international peace and security as:
The two monarch offered mutual protection in the case of an attack
They agreed not to harbour rebels/pretenders
It arrange a marriage alliance between Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine, Princess of Aragon
What were the problems in implementing the Treaty of Medina Del Campo?
The arrangements for a royal marriage did not go smoothly
Ferdinand was reluctant to allow the marriage to go ahead while Henry’s dynastic stability was threatened by Warbeck
They argued over the size of Catherine’s dowry
How did the death of Arthur in 1502 bring complications to H7 relations with Ferdinand?
Henry suggested that Catherine marry his other son, Henry, but Ferdinand was reluctant as he had little need for an English alliance, and the marriage would require a papal dispensation
Why did H7 lose interest in the proposed marriage between Henry and Catherine?
The death of Isabella made Ferdinand and less significant political figure
During the succession struggle in Spain Henry chose to support Juana rather than Ferdindand
What did the Treaty of Windsor involve?
The intercursus malus, which restored trading relations between England and Burgundy
The return of the Earl of Suffolk
A proposed marriage between H7 and Philip’s sister, the Archduchess Margaret
Henry recognised Juana and Philip as the rulers of Castile
How did the death of Philip of Burgundy create issues for H7?
Juana was grieving and described by Ferdinand (her father) as having gone mad
Ferdinand was able to become regent of Castile - leaving Henry diplomatically isolated as he had been outsmarted
Ferdinand ensured no marriage between Henry and Catherine would take place in H7’s lifetime
How did Mary change her government?
She didn’t do much - mainly unchanged
The Privy council remained centre of admin
She still had a parliament and an inner council, the inner council became more prominent
What was the reason for Mary’s more prominent inner council?
The privy council had become too large so the inner council began to run the day to day affairs of the state instead
What were some of the strengths of Mary’s government?
Ministers such as Gardiner and Paget were able to overcome differences and work closely together to restore and effective government
The inner council was formed of experienced politicians
What were some of the problems in Mary’s government?
In her early years M had chosen councillors who supported her, but were inexperienced meaning that the council had few members of political ability
Mary doesn’t trust some of her councillors, and Renard is jealous of the other councillors
Privy council was too large to be effective - up to 43 members
What role did Mary place in government?
She had little political influence as she did not trust her councillors and alienated them
She did not consult the privy council until matters of policy had been decided with Renard
What part did religion play in Mary’s government?
Members of the clergy in the house of lords supported Mary
Did not impact it much as Mary did not chose her ministers by religion
Was government effective under Mary?
Both houses were able to co-operate throughout Mary’s reign
The inner council were able to handle business effectively
Generally constructive
The councillors were alienated by Mary
Who were the two potential husbands for Mary? Who supported them?
Edward Courtney, Earl of Devon - favoured by Gardiner as he would strengthen the Tudor dynasty
Philip of Spain - favoured by Paget
