Tudors Q structures

Question 1

Henry VII gov pt 1

Answer 1

Handling nobility
King’s council/ order of the garter
Council learned
Acts of attainder

Foreign affairs
Could gain money- treaty of etaples
Gain dynastic recognition- treaty of perpetual peace Scotland- dropped support for Warbeck/ arranged marriage
Help with trade- intercursus magnus 1496- ended trade embargo

Question 2

Henry VII gov pt 2

Answer 2

Used to increase law and order
JP’s increased
Regional gov
Limiting retainers

Used to handle finances
Funded patronage-got gentry support
Enhanced king’s reputation- royal courts job was to show king’s wealth
Reorganised royal purse- new posts surveyor of kinaps words- 1487- £350 to £6000 in 1501

Question 3

Henry VIII gov pt 1

Answer 3

Was able to gain revenue
1515- act of resumptions
Flexible tax- 4 times between 1513-23
Different parliaments- March 1512- March 1514, April- August 1523

Was able to make some effective treaties/ gain land in foreign affairs
Accepted into Holy League- 1511
Treaty of London- 1518- check
Treaty with France to end war 1514/ keep Therouanne/ Tournai

Question 4

Henry VIII gov pt 2

Answer 4

Increased role of gov
Under Cromwell privy became select 19 of ministers and trusted office holders- by 1540- permanent institution in gov
Remodelled council of north- became an effective extension of council of London
Ensured statute law was made by king, lords and House of Commons-

Dissolution of monasteries / break with Rome
would have kept nobility loyal
Break with Rome- 1534 act of supremacy Would have increased power- head of church/ formal submission of the clergy
Brought greater organisations of gov- set up court of augmentations to deal with monastic land 1536

Question 5

Liz gov pt 1

Answer 5

Had control
Ensured people went to court
People acting out- Mp’s said they wouldn’t listen to her in gov- 2 got sent to tower
Some Puritan MPs disagreed with this compromise and challenged Elizabeth by threatening to not grant her taxes. Elizabeth said religion was a ‘matter of state’, not for Parliament, and forbade them to discuss religion.

Had reliable people- Cecil
Ensured there were wealthy/ those loyal to Tudors in gov
Cecil foreign affairs- was principal advisor 1558-1572- English intervention in Scotland 1560- secured success of Scot reformation/ expulsion of French troops from Scotland
Cecil managing parliamentary business- Mac Caffery- ‘dynamo’- kept gov running ‘smoothly and effectively’- kept prudent economic policy- counting gov expenditure and saving economic revenue

Question 6

Liz gov pt2

Answer 6

Increased law and order
Increased to 50 JPs per county by 1600
Lord Lieutenants
Parish officials

Effective use of privy
Used for foreign affairs met at start 3 times a week at end 6 times a week based off Netherlands
Acted as royal court of law through prerogative courts which privy council staffed
Administered public policy- maintained network of contacts at local/ national level through which its instructions were implemented

Question 7

Mary religion p1- Removal of Edwardian Protestantism

Answer 7

-1553 Aug- many Protestant clergy deprived of livings
-Restored doctrine-giving up the title of supreme head of the church in 1553, beginning the reformation of England from a Protestant country into a Catholic one. This change took place when the Act of Repeal was passed through parliament, receiving royal assent on 16th January 1555. restored the traditional catholic doctrine of the ‘Lord’s Supper’, bringing the church back to what it had been in 1547.
-1554 March Royal injunctions used- ordered Bishops to suppress heresy, remove married clergy, restore holy days- 243 lost posts
-

Question 8

Mary religion p2-Pole’s actions

Answer 8

Pole’s actions
-Reginald Pole, instructed by Mary, made improvements to clergy strength and education. Upon Gargener’s death in 1556, Pole replaced him as chancellor of Cambridge University then Oxford, ensuring links between the government and these universities.
-Additionally, Pole drew up 12 decrees in the London Synod of 1555, ensuring all Parish priests were resident and ending priests having more than one Parish.
- Ensured Bishops carried out inspections

Question 9

Mary religion p3/4- failings/ compare

Answer 9

Failings
-Efforts to contain Protestant literature was dampened as there were an estimated 19000 copies of the 1552 prayer book still in circulation with imprisoned -Protestant leaders managing to circulate writings.
Burnings- people seen as Martyrs eg Latimer/ Ridley
-Pole’s implementations- new schools/ new prayer book needed time to be implemented

Compare with other Tudors

Question 10

Henry P1 break with Rome

Answer 10

Break w/ Rome

Henry was the first to break with Rome in November 1534 after passing the Act of Supremacy which acknowledged Henry as the supreme head of the English Church.

1532- act of restrained annates- withheld revenue paid to pope by bishop

Formal ‘submission of clergy’- Henry could veto laws- present laws reviewed

Question 11

Henry VIII p2 religion- dissolution of monastery

Answer 11

Dissolving monastic lands

The 1536 Act for the Dissolution of the Monasteries closed monasteries with less than a £200 income, followed by 1539 dissolution of larger monasteries, closing all types of religious houses except chantries.- able to please nobility

1540- augmentations- getting more revenue/ created more jobs- more can rise through ranks- profit revenue grew from £120,000 to £250,000- used for war with France/ Scotland and setting up grammar schools in Oxford, Bristol, Chester
Caused rebellions- POG

Question 12

Henry religion p3 /4 social change- compare to other Tudors

Answer 12

Impacted people socially
8000 monks displaced
Less able to provide charity
Act of succession- made Mary illegitimate- would’ve affected future rule

He started religious change

With the break he spurred on religious change made by Edward to convert to full Protestantism eg

Was the first to use both Catholic and Protestant elements in the church e.g. The English bible before Liz- act of Uniformity- changed official faith to Protestantism but had church/ clergy appear in the manner of 1548.

Was first to become Head of Church- gain more power- Liz was unsuccessful- House of Lords denied her this in 1559- became Supreme Governor

Question 13

Edward religion p1 - removal of Catholicism

Answer 13

Removal of Catholicism
Repeal of 6 articles in 1539- act to repeal was in 1547- no catholic doctrine
Book of Homilies 1547- all sermons Protestant by 1549- pre determined sermons
Royal injunctions- orders given to clergy to preach in England and have English bible

Question 14

Edward religion p2- social impact

Answer 14

Social impact- changes seen by public
2nd book of common prayer Jan 1552- removed all traces of Catholicism- prayers for dead/ wearing vestments
Further dissolution of monasteries
Chantries- dissolved 3000 chantries/ 90 colleges/110 hospitals/ confiscated thousands of parish endowments (gifts for poor) - played an integral role in people’s lives

Question 15

Edward religion p3/4- comparison/ enforcing changes

Answer 15

Comparison to other Tudors
Look at comparison paragraph

Good at enforcing changes

Second act of uniformity-April 1552- arrested/ chased down clergy that didn’t attend services
Dec 1548 - first prayer book- outlined liturgy (form of worship to be followed in services)- written by Cranmer
24th April 1548- proclamation stating only authorised Clergy to speak

Question 16

Liz religion p1

Answer 16

Included both elements
Act of supremacy- supreme gov, limited opposition - communion of both kinds unlike Mary or Edward
Act of Uniformity- Protestantism= official faith/ mandating new book of common prayer- blend of 1549/1552- officially Protestant but also Catholic aspects- unlike Edward
1559 act of uniformity- Fines for not going to church- yet not strictly enforced for Catholics- appealing to them

Question 17

Liz religion p2- enforcing rules

Answer 17

Enforcing rules
Separatists- Henry Burrow and John Green- protested- Liz made an act banning ‘seditious sectaries 1593’ / executed them
When Elizabeth first passed the Act of Supremacy in 1559 churchmen had to swear an oath of loyalty to the supreme governor with courts set up to punish recusants/ courts and commissions set up.
Archbishops 1566 book of advertisements also sparked opposition as it mandated clergy to wear a surplice and cope which led to the dismissal of 37 clergymen in London for refusing to do so and subsequently ensured many complied to avoid expulsion, fearing it may promote Catholicism.

Question 18

Liz religion p3/4- finances/ comparison

Answer 18

Used religion to enhance finances
Act of exchange 1559- seized land from bishops got them to rent it back to her
Redirected money to pope to herself
In Royal injunctions- dissolved monastics restored by Mary

Question 19

Compare Henry>Mary

Answer 19

England and Wales had previously been Roman Catholic before Mary’s reign/ took a long time to implement stuff whereas Henry was able to successfully break from Church/ make changes eg dissolution

Question 20

Compare- Edward to Mary/ Henry

Answer 20

Without a break from Rome Edward wouldn’t have been able to make further changes eg…but Edward> Mary- country hadn’t been Protestant to full extent before

Question 21

Compare Henry> Liz

Answer 21

Henry VIII showed greater religious change than Elizabeth I as Henry was the first to break from Rome and use both Catholic and Protestant elements in the church such as introducing a bible written in English

Question 22

Compare Liz> Mary

Answer 22

Elizabeth showed greater religious change than Mary I as Elizabeth demonstrated careful and organised approaches to help avoid opposition whereas Mary’s influence was largely dampened by her enforcements not having enough time during her reign to be implemented or her failed attempts to prevent Protestant opposition.

Question 23

Compare Edward> Liz

Answer 23

Elizabeth showed less religious change than Edward VI as the country had included both Catholic and Protestant elements beforehand, shown in Henry VIII’s reign whereas the country had never been converted to such extreme protestantism until Edward’s reign, causing him to spark religious change that England and Wales had never seen beforehand.

Question 24

Which was most threatening rebellion POG

Answer 24

Which was most threatening rebellion

POG
Had some success- gained lots of support- 30-40 thousand at some point/ got attention of King- sent Duke of Norfolk/ Earl of Shrewsbury to deal with it
Yet Norfolk talked to them got them to disband- grace mistake- made promises of drawing up Parliament in York/ invited Aske for Christmas- returned in January with empty promises
Jan 1537- Francis Biggert lead another uprising gave Henry opportunity- 178 executed/ Aske hung on 12th July 1537

Question 25

Which rebellion was most threatening Western

Answer 25

Western

Didn’t have powerful nobility and gentry- against- Beatrice’s Exeter 23rd June shouted ‘Kill the Gentlemen!’
Gov easily took them out- 6th Aug Russel sent w/ Lord Grey- 16th defeated at Sampford courtenay
But was able to plunder Trematon castle- caught attention of Edward- sent people

POG> Western- had nobility- eg Lord Darcy even though said they were forced- also Western didn’t go past Devon and Cornwall- POG spread to beginning in Yorkshire in October 1536, before spreading to other parts of Northern England including Cumberland, Northumberland, Durham and north Lancashire

Question 26

Which was most threatening rebellion Kett’s

Answer 26

Kett’s

16000 supporters but no nobles
By taking over Norwich (22nd July 1549) threatened chain of being
Suppressed on 27th August by Earl of Warwick- 3000 killed- Kett hanged on 26th Nov

POG> Kett- POG had nobles
Kett> Western- extended to major city Norwich/ East Anglia where camps were also set up- Western didn’t go past Devon or Cornwall

Question 27

Which was most threatening rebellion Wyatt

Answer 27

Wyatt

Threatened Queen- planned to Kill Mary and Earl of Devon would marry Elizabeth
Was able to get to London- Thomas Wyatt got to Thames on 2nd of February before being stopped at Ludgate on 13th
But didn’t account for marriage treaty (14th Jan 1554) to speed up plans- initially going to act on 18th March- also Renard was able to force confession from Courtenay who was involved in the plot

Wyatt> Western/ Kett/ POG- actually threatened monarch and got close to Mary

Question 28

Which rebellion was most threatening - Northern

Answer 28

Northern

Had people in Liz’s courtiers supporting eg Earl of Leicester who wanted to discredit Cecil
Able to get 3800 foot soldiers and 1600 horsemen
Yet was unable to achieve much- managed to celebrate mass at Durham Cathedral but- retreated first to Rhichmond before retreating to Hexham then to Scotland after a skirmish with scouts of the royal army- around 450 executed including Northumberland- beheaded in York

Despite Northern
Northern> Western Kett- had intentions of killing Liz and had people close to her on their side despite not doing much
Wyatt> Northern - able to get to London

Question 29

How effectively did gov deal with rebellions- strength of crown

Answer 29

Strength of crown
POG- Norfolk promised to present articles to the king- hold a parliament meeting at York- got people to disband/ when Duke of Suffolk advanced- rebels fled to Lincolnshire
Western- Russel + lord grey arrived to deal with rebels on Aug 6th- rebels defeated at sampford courtenay by 16th- relatively short time/ had support Exceter-6 weeks
Kett- Marquis of Northampton leader of Kett after capturing Western was forced to retreat to London- estimated 3000 killed- Robert Welsh hung
Wyatt-stopped ½ km from queen- killed / Mary refused to leave London people of London supported Mary- took part in fighting
Northern-

Question 30

How effective did government deal with rebellions- support

Answer 30

Nature of support for rebels

Western/ Kett- no nobles- Western aggravated at nobles- kill the gentleman- Kett depended on peasants- 16000 but still defeated
Wyatt- only 2500- Wyatt rebels also had fear of advancing
Northern- those supporting kept failing to advance kept fleeing- example

Question 31

How effectively did gov deal with rebellions- actions of leaders

Answer 31

Actions of leaders

POG- sir Francis Biggert- Jan1537- started up rebellion again- gave Henry opportunity- 178 killed/ pontefract articles unrealistic
Western- decision to advance on Exeter= big fail- rebelled for 6 weeks- allowed Somerset time to send in forces
Kett- left mousehold heath- high ground
Wyatt- caught off guard- planned to advance 18th March but marriage treaty announced 14th Jan
Northern-

Question 32

How effectively did gov deal with rebellions- threats of the rebels

Answer 32

Threats of the rebels
POG was able to get around 30,000-40,000 marching to York- able to get hold of pontefract castle- got attention- sent Norfolk
Western- able to plunder/ loot Trematon castle-
Kett- able to capture Norwich- threaten chain of being
Wyatt- Duke of Norfolk had to return to London after army had been persuaded to join Wyatt
Northern

Question 33

AOU- religious policies of Tudor monarchs

Answer 33

Religious policies of Tudor monarchs impact

Dissolution of monasteries- would’ve been seen by public- closed from 1536-41- act of parliament in 1534-closed monasteries making under-£200- further 2 acts in 1536/1539- impact England and Wales- gap of how they’re being dealt with- closing=unified

Edward- Book of Homilies-1547/2nd act of uniformity- pilgrimages banned, statues/ shrines destroyed, English became language of church services- chantries act- 1547- stopped prayers for dead- all seen by public- bible in English-saying English is superior to Welsh- culture erasure

Liz- Welsh bible- bible first published in Welsh in 1588-kept Welsh going allowed it to survive- showed that Welsh culture was important

Question 34

AOU- Council of Wales

Answer 34

Council of Wales

Rowland Lee- became head of council 1534-!boasted he killed over 5000 welshmen in 8 months- saw them as thieves- Lee made Welsh gentry to change traditional Welsh names
But- caused Thomas Cromwell to intervene - wales to be managed in same ways as English counties- Welsh gentry given opportunity for first time to become magistrates if they spoke English- seven new shires- new social order
Acts of union led to changes- now responsible for legal/ administrative matters in Wales- including areas ruled by marcher lords- includes privy council- can set up courts/ appoint judges/ oversee taxation- more order

More important than Monarchs- most of councils job would’ve been enforcement of religion eg ensure dissolution of monasteries- without council wouldn’t have been as effective

Question 35

AOU- political impacts

Answer 35

Political impacts on Wales

Wales given parliamentary representation-28MPs eventually- richer Welsh nobility who could speak English- higher social standing

Marcher lordships destroyed- 12 shires created- some incorporated into adjoining shores- officers such as sheriffs, coroners and bailiffs appointed- more distribution of justice- lords lost everything- king has more direct control kings sons land now directed to the crown

But- council of Wales was used to enforce much of this political change- can set up courts/ appoint judges/- responsible for legal matters in Wales

Religion- was legislation that caused religious acts to be passed- political changes= more important

Answer 36

Economic impacts on Wales

The Welsh system of inheritance was replaced by the English system with Inheritance laws- farms no longer getting smaller- Normal inheritance rules favoured the eldest son, who would inherit the whole property and pass it to his own sons.

Trade- Wales trading more with England- a subsistence economy gave way for production of market- particularly in cattle/ cloth for London- made closer union with England desirable

But religious/ council of wales changes made up a lot of this eg- dissolution of monasteries- crown had more money- gentry had access to more land- council oversaw taxation- political changes such as wales having same legislation after acts of union caused inheritance laws