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Adaptations for transport in plants > Biology - classification and biodiversity > Flashcards

Biology - classification and biodiversity Flashcards

(revise biology)

1
Q

Phylogenic classification is …

A

grouping closely related organisms together

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2
Q

Close together is …

A

sharing a common ancestor

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3
Q

Closely related is …

A

show physical similarities

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4
Q

Classification is …

A

putting things into groups

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5
Q

Phylogenic is …

A

reflecting evolutionary relatedness (showing how organisms are related to each other through common ancestors)

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6
Q

Phylogenic tree is …

A

picture of how organisms are related to their common ancestor, that is related to it’s common ancestor, that is related to its common ancestor all the way back to LUCA

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7
Q

Phylogenic tree is also ….

A

a diagram showing descent with living organisms at the tips of the tree and ancestral species in the branches and trunk with branch points representing common ancestors. The lengths of the branches indicate the time between branch points.

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8
Q

Phylogenic tree is also also …..

A

traversing from the tips of the tree (the species that are alive now) down the tree through the ancestors is also going back in time

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9
Q

LUCA

A

last universal common ancestor. This is the organism at the root of the phylogenic tree, it’s the ancestor of EVERYTHING

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10
Q

Natural classification

A

grouping organisms based on common ancestors

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11
Q

Artificial classification

A

grouping organisms not by common ancestor but, for example, by colour, or by number of legs etc.

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12
Q

Hierarchy

A

a system of ranking in which small groups are nested components of large groups e.g. small groups such as cats and dogs come under the larger group of “mammal” which itself comes under the larger group “chordate” which itself comes under the large group called “animal”

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13
Q

Taxon (plural taxa)

A

any group within a system of classification i.e. when classifying animals “cats” is a taxon as is “dogs” as is “mammal” as is “chordate” as is “animal”

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14
Q

THE HIERARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

A

DOMAIN > KINGDOM > PHYLUM > CLASS > ORDER > FAMILY > GENUS > SPECIES
(Do Kings Put Clay Oranges For Green Spaniards)

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15
Q

Example of biological classification

A

Domain - Eukaryota,
Kingdom - Animalia,
Phylum - Chordata,
Class - mammalia,
Order - Primates,
Family - Hominidae,
Genus - Homo,
Species - Sapiens

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16
Q

Taxa are discrete

A

a thing can only be in one Taxon

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17
Q

Classification, why?

A

it’s part of human psychology

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18
Q

Classification, why?

A

phylogenetic classification allows us to infer evolutionary relationships

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19
Q

Classification, why?

A

can predict features of new species from characteristics of the new species that are found in members of an existing taxon. I.e. if we find a new animal with a beak and feathers we may group it as a bird and therefore infer other characteristics that belong to birds

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20
Q

Classification, why?

A

easy to communicate with group names rather than having to use the description of members of the group i.e. easier to say “bird” than “vertebrated eff laying biped with a beak and feathers’

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21
Q

Classification, why?

A

when describing the health of an ecosystem or he rate of extinction in the geological record, conservationists often find it more useful to count families than species (i.e over long periods of time it’s easier to count the bigger groups of things than the smaller groups of things)

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22
Q

Tentative nature

A

we can only classify what we know, the system of classification can therefore change if we discover new organisms that don’t fit into current groups, making us add new groups

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23
Q

Three domain system

A

domain is the largest biological grouping, everything fits into three domains, they are Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota

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24
Q

Domain of Eubacteria

A

bacteria such as E.coli, they are prokaryotes

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25
Q

Doman of Archaea

A

bacteria that often have unusual metabolism, e.g. generate methane or live in extreme conditions

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26
Q

Doman of Eukaryota

A

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi and Protoctista

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27
Q

Five kingdoms

A

underneath Domains are five kingdoms, they are Prokaryota, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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28
Q

Domains of Eubacteria and Archaea kingdom is …

A

Prokaryota

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29
Q

Domain of Eukaryota kingdoms are …

A

Prokaryota, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

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30
Q

A Phylem is ..

A

subgroup of Kingdom, each member has a distinct body plan

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31
Q

A Class is …

A

subgroup of Phylem i.e. mammalia are a class with the phylum Chordata

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32
Q

An Order is …

A

subgroup of class e.g. lepidopera is an order containing butterflies in the class Insecta

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33
Q

A Family is …

A

subgroup of order e.g. flower family Rosaceae contains roses

34
Q

A Species is …

A

subgroup of family, they share a large number of physical features and can interbreed to make fertile offspring.

35
Q

Genus

A

a group (taxon) containing organisms whith many similarities but enough differences that they cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring i.e.lions and tigers, both are similar but if they breed the offspring (tigon or liger) aren’t fertile

36
Q

Prokaryota (description of members)

A

no membrane bound organelles, microscopic

37
Q

Protoctista (description of members)

A

single cells or all similar celsl animal or plant-like

38
Q

Plants (description of members)

A

Autotrophs containing chlorophyll, cellulose cell walls.
ferns, mosses, horsetails have spores, everything else has seeds

39
Q

Fungi (description of members)

A

saprotophs, chitin cell walls, hyphae

40
Q

Animals (description of members)

A

heterotrophs, no cell walls, nervious co-ordination

41
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures in different species with a similar anatomical position and developmental origin derived from a common ancestor

42
Q

Pentadactyl

A

Having five digits

43
Q

Divergent evolution

A

the development of different structures over long periods of time from the equivalent structures in related organisms

44
Q

What does the theory of evolution suggest?

A

That organisms evolve from a common ancestor, we share common ancestors

45
Q

How do you tell how closely two organisms are related?

A

By looking for homologous structures

46
Q

How can you assess how related organisms are?

A

By their physical features and with genetic evidence

47
Q

Convergent evolution

A

The development of similar features in unrelated organisms over long periods of time

48
Q

Analogous structures

A

structures with a corresponding function and similar shape but have a different developmental origin

49
Q

Just because things have the same features doesn’t mean they are related -

A

For example a bat, a butterfly and a sparrow all have wings but one is a mammal, one and insect and one a bird. This shows convergent evolution i.e. they all evolved wings but they’re not related organisms

50
Q

Generic evidence for relatedness

A

can use DNA sequences, DNA hybridisation, Amino acid sequences, Immunology

51
Q

DNA sequences

A

as organisms evolve their base DNA changes. The more similar your base DNA is to another species means you’re more closely related to them. DNA analysis has been used to correct mistakes made in classification of some organisms that were originally based on physical characteristics

52
Q

DNA hybridisation

A

compare the DNA base sequence of two species. Seperate the DNA into single strands and cut the strands into fragments.Mix the fragments from the two species together.
When the two species are closely related the DNA fragments hybridize together. The higher the percentage of hybridization the more closely related the two species are.

53
Q

Amino acid sequences

A

amino acid sequences in proteins are determined by the DNA base sequence. If the amino acids of one species are similar to another species it means it’s more closely related.

54
Q

Immunology

A

if you mix the antigens of one species with antibodies of another the antigens and antibodies coagulate. The closer the species are related the more they coagulate.

55
Q

Species - morphological definition

A

if two species look the same they’re likely to be the same species. The sex of the organism may cause some differences i.e. male lions have a mane, this should be taken into account

56
Q

Species - reproductive definition

A

same species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Different species may interbreed but their offspring are not fertile.

57
Q

Taxonomy is

A

the identification and naming of organisms

58
Q

Taxonomy allows you to…

A

discover and describe biological diversity

investigate evolutionary relationships between organisms

classify organisms to reflect ehri evolutionary relationships

59
Q

Binomial system

A

the system for naming organisms that gives them two names so that:
naming is unambiguous
based on latin (which was scholarly and used around the world when this was all made up in 1753)

implies that two species sharing part of the name are closely related eg Panthera leo and Panthera tigris show that the tiger and lion are closely related but two different species

60
Q

Using the binomial system

A

The two names are the genus and it’s species

Genus is first and has a captial letter

Species is second and does not have a capital letter

The first time a name is used in a scientific text it’s written in full, after that it may be abbreviated

Both names are printed in italics or underlined if hand-written

61
Q

Biodiversity is …

A

the number of species in an environment (species richness)

The number of organisms within each species in an environment (species evenness)

62
Q

Biodiversity is ….

A

not constant

63
Q

Spatial variation

A

biodiversity depends on environment. Biodiversity hotspots occur around the equator and tropics because light is high intensity which means more plants, which means more herbivores which means more carnivores. Also it’s warmer which means more energy which means more of everything as well

64
Q

Biodiveristy can increase or decrease because of ….

A

Succession. Organisms change their habitat which makes it more suitable for them and other species. This change is called “succession”. It increases animal biodiversity but decreases plant biodiversity

65
Q

Biodiveristy can increase or decrease because of ….

A

Natural selection … it just does, ok

66
Q

Biodiveristy can increase or decrease because of ….

A

Human influence. Human activity affects habitats usually decreasing biodiversity and often leading to extinction of species.
e.g.
Logging and road building in tropical rain forests
Over fishing the oceans
Misuse of land leading to desertification
Polution of rivers with chemicals

Humans can improve biodiversity but this only usually happens as a by product of humans wanting something for themselves. i.e. when the Thames was so poluted with sewage in 1858 people built sewers because they couldn’t stand the smell. This had the effect of also increasing the biodiversity of the river as it was cleaned up but the people didn’t directly clean the river to save species, they did it because they didn’t like the smell.

67
Q

Reduced biodiversity means …

A

less food types to eat

less plants and fungi to make new medicines from

less organisms to produce important raw materials i.e. rubber, cotton

68
Q

Humans are ….

A

the biggest threat to biodiversity.
As we decrease biodiveristy we reduce sources of new foods and sources of characteristics to help with crops, medicine, building/making stuff.

69
Q

Assessing biodiversity at the population level

A

is done using a biodiversity index

70
Q

A biodiversity index is …

A

some way of meansuring the biodiversity in an environment

71
Q

An example biodiversity index is …

A

Simpsons Diversity Index which meansures the biodiversity of motile organisms such as invertibrates in a stream

72
Q

Simpsons Diversity Index formula is …

A

D (diversit index) = 1 - sum of n (n-1) / N (N-1)

so D equals ONE minus the sum of the number of species multiplied by the number of species minus one divided by the number of organisms multiplied by the number of organisms minus one

where:
n = number of species
N = number of organisms

73
Q

Assess biodiversity at the generic level using polymorphic loci

A

examine the genes and alleles in the gene pool of a population.

A genes position on a chromosome is called its locus

A locus is polymorphic if it has two or more alleles

A gene has more biodiversity if it has more alleles

74
Q

Molecular assessment of biodiversity using DNA fingerprinting

A

Organisms that are related have DNA base sequences that are more similar

DNA does not all code for protein

Non-coding sequences undergo mutation and individuals get different base sequences

Sometimes only one base differents, these single differences are called SPNs (snips) which stands for single nucleotide polymorphisms

Other regions of DNA, about 20-40 base sequences that repeat many times. These are HVR (hyper variable regions) or STRs (short tandem sequeces)

You can see these differences in DNA fingerprints (also called genetic fingerprints, genetic profiles or DNA profiles).

You can compare the number and position of the bands in DNA profiles to see how similar the DNA sequences are. The more similar, the more related.

The more differences in SNPs and HVRs means an increase in biodiversity.

In a biodiverse population there is a lot of differences between the DNA fingerprints

75
Q

Natural selection and biodiversity

A

mutations cause differences providing the raw material for natural selection

mutation causes differences in DNA

this causes variation which can be seen in different physical appearence or biochemical function or behaviour

some mutations give a competative advantage

those with an advantage survive better

They reproduce more and pass the advantagous allells to their offspring

more variation means a more biodiverse environment

76
Q

Natural selection can. ….

A

reduce biodiversity.

If a preditor evolves and is super good at killing things it kills all the things and reduces the biodiversity

77
Q

Natural selection can …

A

increase biodiversity.

As environments change organisms evolve to cope with the new environment. This often means you have organisms that coped well with the old environment, organsims that cope well with the new environment and organisms inbetween giving you a biodiverse set of organisms in the environment

78
Q

Adaptation is …

A

the change in a species as a useful characteristic becomes more common

79
Q

An Adaptive Trait is …

A

a useful characteristic that lets an organism have an advantage in it’s environment that it didn’t have before. i.e. the organism adapts to its environment

80
Q

Adaptive traits can be …

A

Anatomical

The physical form of the organism adapts to gain an advantage

81
Q

Adaptive traits can be …

A

Phsyiological

e.g. hibernating hedgehogs lower their body temperature to expend less energy during hibernation

leaves fall off trees so that they don’t lose moisture by transpiration

82
Q

Adaptive traits can be …

A

Behavioural

plants flower in spring when there are lots of insects about to do the pollination

Extravigant mating rituals (peacock tails and flamingo dances) increase the changes of reproducing

Adaptations for transport in plants (3 decks)

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