Tudors a level 2019 v1 Flashcards
Name all political reforms by Somerset for Protestantism and what they did
Act of uniformity 1549 , First book of prayer, clergy can marry, communion in English, c practices remained, such as fast days
1547 Chantries Act, dissolution to fund war with Scotland
1548 proclamation for order after repeal of treason act, ban on public preaching
Repeal of treason act, radicals discussed, led to iconoclastic attacks on images and alters
What change was there under Somerset at grassroots level
If clergy refused P they would be imprisoned
Hooper helped, 171 out of 311 clergy did not know Ten Commandments
Difficulties Somerset had when enforcing P
P less attractive
Henry 8 said no reforms till Ed is 18
Removed c practices
Somerset only a moderate
Only few areas like London wanted reform
Gardiner opposed
Work done by government under somerset to enforce change
Remove images and statues
English bible
July 1547 book of homilies
Clergy taught in English
Northumberland religious change reform
1552 new treason act, offence to question supremacy
images, 1549 destruction of remaining images
Ordinal 1550, revised ordination of priests, had to wear surplice and take oath annoyed hooper, hooper imprisoned, compromise hooper free
1552 second act of uniformity
1552 second prayer book, not everyone agreed, all churches used
Effects of 1549
Did not slow p
Still remained a faction struggle
What was the situation at a local level of religion in 1553
Confused after split with Rome
Only place welcomed was London
Prayer book rebellion exception
Rapid c under Mary
What impact did Ed have on religion by 1553
42 articles never enforced
Big changes only 1552, not much time for impact
Only 6 year reign
What change did Ed bring religiously by 1553
England was P
Bishops were P compared to 1547
All churchwarden accounts say P accepted
Imposing change not easy
Was Mary’s religious changes welcomed
In first day 6 churches in London turned catholic
Great enthusiasm
Oxford set up their chalices
Parliament opened with mass even though illegal
About Mary’s religious beliefs
Ed dying meant god with her
Devout c
Stubborn and did not see implications of papal authority over royal supremacy
Mary’s religious goals
Gain papal authority
Undo religious changes under Ed
No clerical marriage
Secure C by kids
Persecute opposition
Religious houses
What obstacles did Mary face when imposing Catholicism
Charles V concerned change too quick
Gardiner unsure of papal authority
Renard concerned over monastic lands
What was the opposition to Mary’s religious changes
1554 wyatts rebellion, more about marriage
Rebellion happened before serious changes
800 P left England
Impact of Mary’s burnings
Heresy laws 1554, burnings began 1555
Rogers burnt first
300 burnt
Foxe book of martyrs, opposition to them
Converted c to p
What were Mary’s religious reforms
Mary used prerogative to suspend second act of uniformity and mass, no opposition
Parliament refused to suspend Act of Supremacy 1553, suggests anti papal
Act of repeal, undid Ed changes to 1547 and act of 6 articles
1554 heresy laws, only passed if monastic lands not returned, parliament could only care about property, MPs owned that land
Royal injunctions restored all C practices, P bishops removed
2nd act of reform 1554, Mary forced to compromise with landowners recognised parliament so limited c as no limited monasteries, reversed all legislation since 1529
Reaction to persecution of Protestants by Mary
1555 Latimer and Ridley burnt
Cranmer burnt 1556, Mary’s mistake as he recanted C
Destroyed her popularity
Death of gardiner 1555 removed influence on Mary, burnings increased after
Local authorities pushed it, pressured by G, authorities were reluctant
Reaction religiously to Mary’s death
Took E long time so suggests good reign
Impact by Mary on parishes
Neglected by Ed
Liked return of c practices
Repaired during Mary’s reign
Change by the end of 1558 religiously
Tried to control P literature, failed as 19000 second prayer books remained, smuggled into England
Burnings bad
There was new book of homilies and new c testament, not much time for impact
Pole wanted seminaries to train priests, limit for general change
Good change, bishops visited churches a lot more under pole, London synod meant priests resident for authorities
What were the powers of the privy council
Inter related so could dominate
Used JPs 30 per county
Parish constables
How did the privy council influence E
Pushed for execution of Mary queen of Scots
E relied on council
Influenced by courtiers such as Dudley and Raleigh before being members
1579 denied marriage to french duke of alencon thro pamphlets by Leicester
How was E careful about who was in the privy council
Core team 1580s burghley Hatton Leicester walsingham
Not many there for power only earl of derby
How were the privy council made up
3 group councillors, nobility, new men and royal household
Met 2 a week
Who was Cecil
Burghley
Was e closest advisor
What was Cecil’s view on Catholicism
Saw them as wanting to overthrow
Wanted marriage
What was Cecil’s role at government
Used hires pens, worton to attack marriage of Norfolk and Mary, Norton 1562 play about kingdom
Controlled everything
1560 threatened resign if no intervention to help lords of congregation in Scotland
Behind Mary execution 1586
How did Leicester affect factions
1576 got Dutch to request aid via letter
Took offence easily
Was against Cecil
Leicester had a rivalry against alliance of norfolk and Suffolk led to E saying not marry Leicester 1565-66, E was victim
How did factions grow
Patronage
How far did factions not effect E
Everyone wanted her favour
Took advantage of them by using links to leading figures
Rivalries ended after a while, Cecil and Leicester by 1570s
Only two executions for treason, Norfolk and Sussex
Prolonged decisions
Positives of how E exploited her gender
Favours thro people flirting
All female privy chamber led to a lot of gossip, 1569 picked up Norfolk’s plan to marry Mary
Used possibility of marriage, Hatton stayed single, alencon led on
What were the drawbacks of E gender
John Knox ‘blast of the trumpet against monstrous regiment of women’, female monarch against god
Jealousy, Leicester married, 1574 women of privy chamber and scudmore and Mary Shelton
How did E manage free speech in parliament
Poor attendance, less than 50% 1559, fines didn’t change it
Called parliament 12 times in 45 years, subsidy bills, limited opposition
Could dissolve and pirogue parliament, no opposition
Kept prerogative, marriage foreign affairs religion not allowed
Peter wentworth made speech to break prerogative, sent to tower 1566
How did E parliament deal with Mary queen of Scots
Pressured e to execute
Parliament got their way
Both houses beat her
Queens methods of twisting parliament
Used members of council
Complex speeches
Speaker sympathetic, lord bacon
How did e manage religion thro parliament
1571 Strickland banned for proposal to prayer book, mps protested he came back and e never did this again
Believed only bishops and convocation had say
What power did e have over bills
1572 veto Mary queen of Scots can never be queen
1571 vetoed bill on harsh recusancy fines
What were the reasons E never married
Did not want to share power
Put country first
Psychological, sexual abuse, saw bad marriages
Needed Protestant husband, argued as C could have private mass
No husband of equal rank, however alencon was
Why didn’t e marry Dudley
Tried to marry Mary queen of Scots in 1564
E would discredit herself
Bad reputation, killed wife Amy robsart
Why was a marriage needed for E
Cecil thought king easier to deal with
Pressure eased when James 6th horn 1566
Needed heir
Potential suitors for E
Philip 2nd, after alliance, catholic, rejected 1559 as he wanted papal
Archduke Charles, rejected, was catholic and supported by Philip, Cecil revisited as England needed allies and events in Scotland and the capture of Mary made E secure so no need
Charles IX, french, duke of Anjou more likely, ended due to religion in 1571
Duke of alencon, no deep religion, council opposed, 1581-2 went to court E, e sacrificed herself by not going thro
What impact did marriage and succession have on domestic affairs
Stubbs wrote tract, hands cut off
1566 molyneux pressed E for marriage, e claimed naming a successor would stimulate unrest
A subsidy bill included section on E promise to marriage, e furious
Early parliament wanted marriage, 1559 wanted all haste, repeated again in 1563
She summoned 30 of each house, marry when she can
What impact did the issue of marriage and succession have on foreign affairs
Not a huge impact
Spain war, gave Mary their support
Recognised James VI as successor
Sent envoy to E 1561 Mary queen of Scots
What were the problems with stability of having a minor on the throne
Could not battle
Did not look strong, 1553 coin made Ed look strong
Threat from civil war
Somerset in charge, not what Henry wanted, question legality, went against regency council, causes unrest that Ed can’t control
Name factors apart from minor that affected stability
Ed expected to reach adulthood
1543 third succession act Ed Mary then e
Regency council balance between reformists and catholic’s, there till ed 16
Describe how Somerset’s coup led to his fall
He had a lot of power
Took Ed to Hampton court then Windsor where Ed said he was a prisoner and escaped
Wriothesly did not like the religious change
The events of 1549 led to this
There was unrest mainly due to his methods, from Warwick, shown in pagets letters, there was anti-somerset faction
How did the rise of Warwick play a factor in Somerset’s coup
Somerset was released by Warwick, he continued to plot and was executed
Warwick pushes for Protestantism more
Removed opponents by using catholic plot on 1550 to say if you attacked Somerset, attacked Warwick, appointed himself lord president
Forced to ally with radicals, impacted religious change
What was Jane greys role in the devise to alter the succession
She was made heir, Northumberland’s son married her (Dudley), she was Protestant
How did Mary proclaiming herself queen affect the devise to alter the succession
She asked holy roman emperor Charles V for help
Privy council recognised her as legitimate ruler when n left London
How did Ed’s lack of health affect devise to succession
As his health declined, people were forced to sign
Ed died 1553, no propaganda campaign, poor organisation, professional army gone 1552
How did Mary treat those who helped with devise
She was lenient to most, Norfolk, pager, Gardiner
Not lenient on Cecil
What was the threat from a female ruler under Mary
Knox said instability
Did not look strong
Part of reason to wyatt rebellion 1554
Can’t control factions
Needed to marry, would Mary be subservient?, Englishman would dominate court, foreign could drag into wars
Couldn’t lead to battle
Only one before, ended in civil war
Describe how wyatts rebellion came as a result of marriage to Philip 2 and what happened
There was a fear over Spaniards dominating
Gardiner discovered plot so wyatt has to start
Only 100 executed as a result
Mary stayed in London showed she could control
Proctor said it was about religion to calm unrest
Dec 1553 Mary put forward treaty for marriage opposed in 1554
How did marriage to Philip 2 create faction and instability
Never got a c heir
Hardly changed much
Established committees 1554 to improve efficiency, excludes casual
Size of council ineffective
Death of Gardiner increased efficiency As lager had no opposition
To what extent was there a political crisis with the stability of the monarchy
Devise 1553 led to raising an army
Wyatt marched to London
Somerset coup
Political elite abandoned government under Somerset
To what extent was there not a political crisis as a result of stability of the monarchy
Henry’s will was upheld
Elite always favoured monarch
Wyatt never close to toppling Mary
Jane grey for 9 days
Coup short lived
What was the situation in 1558
Treaty at Cateau cambresis, ended war so focus on settlement
War with F in 1558, E wanted peace, lost Calais
Spain alliance, Philip wanted to marry E, wanted c
S and F alliance, poor financially, 1559 Protestant lords overthrew c
What advice did E receive on the settlement
‘Device for alteration of religion’ review of prayer book
Goodrich MP
What was the Protestant situation in 1558
800 Marian exiles returned
Unknown how many in England
280 martyrs
E favoured those who remained
Not united
What was the catholic situation in 1558
Restored under Mary and pole
Pole wanted to remove abuses
What was the reaction to E settlement
Via media
Not P enough
What happened when Parliament met in 1559
Act of supremacy, clergy take oath, heresy laws repealed, E became supreme governor
Act of uniformity, used 1552 prayer book, omitted black rubric from book denying gods presence, a return to 1548 communion and dress
Monasteries redissolved
First fruits and tenths
Royal injunction, images and music allowed
Issues resolved, united more, appeased bishops like Lincoln to tower so passed
What were the Protestant beliefs that caused them to be against the settlement
Children learnt Calvinist catechism
No kneeling or wedding rings, e supported this, against this as not in bible
Concerned over lack of spiritual needs
Only wanted what was in scripture
How did Protestants have a problem with how the bishops were organised as a result of the settlement
Did not see bishops in the role of keeping peace, only biblical
How did the vestment controversy affect the Puritan impact on settlement and when was it
1565
Sampson was deprived for not wearing surplice
Parker agreed with Sampson, only ‘,comely’
Bullinger told puritans from Zurich to keep going, didn’t want a Further Protestant split as feared c
Wanted to end vestments
37 clergy lost jobs
How far wee puritans eradicated in e reign
1580s no threat
Suffered after Leicester’s death
Field died 1588
After armada 1588 e gained support
C not a threat
Who were the puritans
Eager Protestants, named after vestment controversy
Evidence that the puritans survival was limited
Whitgift, introduced 3 articles
No Protestant doctrine
Had to read bible to be Puritan so limited
Not many committed to go to extra sermons
Field never had enough supporters for a new church
Evidence the puritans survived
Cecil and Leicester helped
Prophesyings clergy used to discuss bible
Leaders like Cartwright survived
What proposals were made by puritans in order to alter the settlement
1571 Strickland, proposed reforms to common prayer book, banned by e brought back by demand
Cope proposals, sympathy for Presbyterians, 1586 bill and book, Replace book of prayer for genevas book
39 articles, beliefs accepted by convocation 1563, 1571 clergy only needed convocation so e concession
How did Parker help settlement
Archbishop 1558-75
Not Marian exile, ideal
Pushed for 39 articles
Bad as defended clergical marriage
Dealt with vestament controversy in 1560s, thro ‘advertisements’, asking for uniformity
How did grindal affect the settlement
Archbishop 1575-83
Was a Marin exile
Sympathised with puritans
E ordered ban on prophesyings as worried due to treason, he refused, banned
Discredited the church
What impact did whitgift have on the settlement
Archbishop from 1583-1604
Court of high commission against non-conformists
3 questions to test loyalty
Removed Cartwright
How far did c threaten the settlement
Early years little support from Philip 2
Small amount of recusants
Most outwardly conformed
C practices continued
Once Mary arrested little action
What external threat was there from catholic’s
Connections to Pope
Some catholics in England could help
Threat from seminary priests
Setup in Douai
C needed sacraments so needed priests
1577 magne executed for treason, possession of a papal bull, act in 1575
1574 first priests arrived
Threat from the jesuits to the settlement
1581 act recusancy fines to £20 a person
Treason to recognise Rome
Allen said no compromise
Act 1585 treason to be ordained as catholic priest
Diminished by 1589
What support did Mary have prior to 1568
French wanted her
Philip 2 supported e
Mary refuses to ratify treaty of Edinburgh
French king died and Mary lost Scotland
1561 she returned to Scotland accepting Protestant
C threat low
What changed for Mary in 1568
Mary forced to abdicate and fled to England
House arrest
Protestants wanted to kill her
What led to Mary’s execution is 1587
1569 c earls led to rising in north to try to rescue Mary
1570 pope pius V deposed E
1571 ridolfi plot, Mary to marry norfolk, 1572 parliament wanted both killed
1583 throckmorton
1584 bond of association to protect e
1586 babington
1586 privy council pushed for her execution
What were the economic problems of the mid tudors
Failed to ever have a sustenance economy
Inflation
Prices of food increased
Enclosures, due to demand for cloth
What were the social problems of the mid tudors
1547 vagrancy act slavery for two years
Vagrants increased
Population rose 2.3 to 3 million, 1525-1551, children meant less farmers
Decline in living standards
Dissolution of monasteries got rid of those who helped poor
How did the social and economic problems of mid tudors lead to unrest
Somerset debased coinage for war with Scotland caused mass inflation
Proclamation to fix enclosures, issued 1549, landowners ignored so peasantry to into their own hands led to unrest
Enclosures seen as greed
Give a general overview as to why there was so much unrest in 1549
Somerset’s position questionable
Somerset has no royal authority
Policies challenged like 1549
Mid 1549 25 counties unrest
Most risings ended with local gentry only two needed gov
Most risings deep issues
What led to rising in Cornwall
Prayer book rebellion
1548 body returned to supervise destruction of images and was murdered
1549 peasants gathered in Bodmin against act of uniformity
Led to larger one at sampford courtenay
Peasants wanted old customs
Demands probably from catholic priests
Demands also about sheep and cloth tax
Cornish rebels killed gentry
During siege of Exeter, worried as poor may join, wealthy helped poor stopped rebels
Gentry Gained rebels not so
What led to unrest in east anglia
Kett rebellion, Robert kett
Started from enclosure riot in Norfolk
Rioters most angry with John flowerdew, demolished church and enclosing land
Kett assumed leadership of unrest
Kett also enclosed land
Force of 16000 marched on Norwich
Royal pardon didn’t get rid of them
Northampton had 14000 troops lost
Earl of Warwick massacred peasants
List of 29 demands
Gentry killed
In Norwich 6% people owned 60%
Sheffield killed
Worsened as cloth trade decreased
Also class warfare
What were the demands of the kett rebellion
Agricultural, concerned over saffron, gentry couldn’t graze sheep on land, fishing rights questioned
Economic demands, concerns of rising rents which were trying to counter inflation
Religious, none really as they were Protestant
Social demands, social structure, attacked gentry, argued over end of serfdom
What other disturbances were there in the summer of 1549
Surrey enclosures
People at time blamed catholic’s, true they did influence
Why did rebellions in 1549 fail and did they threaten government
Most opposition to Somerset than any other Tudor government
Harmony collapsed
Only two full scale
Others put down by gentry
Government vulnerable as war with scot and threat from France
3000 rebels killed in west rebellion
Had to raise large army for kett
After kett rebels treated leniently
Rebels never united
Why did Northumberland lead devise
Ed concerned of Mary
Northumberland wanted to secure his position
Knew under Mary he will be excluded over religion
Thought he had support from elite after Somerset
Concerns of female rule
Describe the wyatt rebellion
Mary married Philip
Hatred of foreigners
England dragged into Habsburg wars
1553 plot to replace Mary with E
Courtenay and E interrogated
Only wyatt out of 4
Wyatt supported Mary against lady Jane grey
Feared loss of influence after marriage
Many Ed supported saw rebellion as way back in
Religion may be as its hard to win people over
Played on patriotism
Duke of Norfolk’s army joined rebels
Proctor said religion was main reason 1554
What were the religious and economic motivations for wyatt
Religious, all leaders Protestant, area was radical, wyatt had advice from Protestants, no member was catholic, rebels attacked Gardiner in London
Economic, cloth trade down, unemployment up
Could be down to leaders of rebellion wanted control
To what extent did challenges to Mary threaten the stability of the monarchy
Jane Grey proclaimed herself queen
Wyatt got to London
Actions of Mary kept tudors going
What were the strengths of Ed finance in 1558
Ordinary income, patronage, custom duties, crown lands
Mary 1st reforms
Gresham pushed for credit rating, Cecil 1571 act 10% interest charged on loans
Hep from paulet
No aggressive taxation like amicable grant 1525
Extraordinary income, parliamentary taxation, only called parliament for this
E’s character, no building projects, surplus of £300000 by 1584, no debt by 1571, no family
Weaknesses of the financial situation in 1558
Debt of £227000 from war with France, Antwerp 14% interest
Gresham’s three reasons for debt, debasement of coinage, war, position of Hanseatic league
How did E exploit income from crown lands
Increased from £86000 to £11100, Less than nobility
Nobles increased rent, E didn’t risk this so got less
E did not want to exploit tenants
How far did e exploit Parliamentary taxation
E asked for money when summoned them
Tax in two forms, fifteenths and tenths raised £30000, subsidy bill raised £100000 parliament ordered one latter two first one
Much less money than Henry 8
Taxes collected by gentry and landowners and were severely under assessed, e did not pay for service in order not to alienate gentry, so not fully exploited
Burghley not willing to increase taxes
How did e exploit custom duties
E benefited from revision of book of rates from Mary
New rates 1558 from Mary
Revenue went from £29000 1557 to £82000 1558, by 1590s only £91000, struggled to keep up with inflation
E needed to encourage more trade
1563 exports of £1100000 needed new markets to grow
E wanted cloth finishing to be done in England not Netherlands
Legislation affected little but queen sold licenses
High duties led to more smuggling, 1559 act as to where goods could be loaded or landed, hard to enforce
Some improvements
How did e exploit efficiency savings
Mary changed so 3/4 crown income collected by exchequer of receipt
Less duplication of officials and savings
Paulet wanted to end use of storage of money in officials houses, many used money to speculate
As paulet deteriorated 1571 officers ‘borrowed’ £44000 Cecil introduced reforms
Inflation eroded salaries of officials so encouraged officials to find money elsewhere, such as from favours, lessened royal control
Councillors formed finance committee to be more effective
Paulet built £8000 building for 80 officers, most expensive project non defensive
How did e exploit other income
Church collected first fruits and tenths, which used to go to Pope, made grants at the same time as parliament
E kept bishops vacancies to limit salaries
Fines for non attendance increased 1581 recusancy fines increased, collection sporadic as JPs were sympathetic to Rome catholic’s
Church taxed more than laity
E more concerned of conformity over revenue
E did not tax all catholic’s to gain favour
How did the war affect e and the government
War in Netherlands
Had a situation in Ireland similar to Philip 2 and Dutch
E concerned of Spanish power and wanted to encourage Dutch, occupied Spanish resources to keep them rebellious
1566 Flemings left Flanders and came to England, enhanced royal income
Claims to Spain monopolising trade with America was challenged, Cecil said England does not acknowledge them
England in 1563 restricted Flemish and increased customs duties
Spain had similar restrictions, England left Antwerp
English treated badly in Spanish ports, even though England not directly in war
1568 e took over loan from Spanish ships carrying bullion for herself, Spanish seized property, so did England, ended trade
Could have seriously affected England but merchants use La Rochelle and Hamburg to bring goods to England, Spain suffered more
1573 trade began, England gained £21000 more
1576 Spanish fury in Antwerp as troops not paid
Hostilities paid off with drakes expedition 1577-1580, knighted
1585 necessity for intervention, treaty of nonsuch committed e provide English force of £126000, half of ordinary income
Drake captured £140000 in 1587
E did not profit of war with Spain
How serious was the problem of inflation
Growing population needed more food so prices rose, blamed on greedy people
Caused by debasement of coinage and price rises
Industry less affected
1571 billion from new world, smith argued in commonwealth of England, great stove of treasure, we know it wasn’t a major factor
Tried to revalue coinage but limited as war cost more
1590s poor harvests led to famine
No one could explain inflation
How far did recoinage solve problem of inflation
1561 all coins called in but prices did not go down
Privy council forced to raise loans in Antwerp reduced value of £
People just used same price as old money
Government tried to cut down on what you could wear and what could be imported, led to trade embargoes
By 1594 aware
What other methods did the government use to control rising prices
Price control carried out by legislative
E’s predecessors passed laws of maximum and minimum prices for goods, e only enforced price of french wine so not help poor
Tried encouraging lent and fish days, limited as 1563 protest called ‘Cecil’s fast’, considered to be a practice for papists
Encouraged more fishing
E forbade grain exports when price rose
1586 book of orders to JPs no hoarding grain, and sold in small amounts
Clergy preached evils of hoarding
Legislation in 1597-98 reflected difficulties, houses in disrepair were refurbished, JPs fixed wages, acts passed to help poor
What was the trading situation
Export trade in cloth 1558 confined to Antwerp
Muscovy company developed a russian market
Merchants London interested in guinea coast
American trade controlled by spanish
Financed from private investors, bought shares
Where did merchants want to set up trading ventures
Muscovy company traded with Russia
Goods from Russia aided naval capacity
Wanted to undercut Portuguese of spices from Persia
Hawkins looked for slaves, 1562 acquired 300 slaves sold them for profit
1570s English directly traded with Mediterranean used to be dominated by Italians in land
1580s levant company traded with Turkish empire
1577 e granted traders monopolies on whaling round spitzburgen, English found competition hard
1579 eastland company formed depot in Poland to try get Baltic trade
Drake carried out more hostile attacks on America’s
Raleigh and Gilbert east coast of America long term implications
1591 Lancaster reached India led to east India company 1600
What problems did merchants face
Badly affected by war in Netherlands
Rivalry with merchants of Hanse who wanted control of Germany
Danes charged heavy tolls on ships in Baltic
Shah did not want business with non Muslims
Routes too long for a profit
1573 Persian route abandoned
Spanish fleet attacked Hawkins
How was there changes in the goods exported
Main export was cloth
A factor for change was refugees from Netherlands as revolt cloth workers crossed channel to England, brought new techniques
New products fresh
How serious was the issue of monopolies
Monopolies rights given by the queen
E used to reward courtiers and protect investors
Main complaint as price had no competition
1589 parliament mps protested abuses concerned with purveyance, e promised reforms, she was reluctant and told commons to setup a committee to look at abuse
1597 commons concerned over monopolies, e praised amendment thro Egerton, some grants withdrawn, period of unrest
1601 monopolies bad, new grants reflected e poor finance
MPs wanted bill to remedy this, list read hakewill ‘is not bread there’
MPs who wanted reform put forward evidence as to why they were bad
E suspended grants, proclamation annulling worst monopolies
Why was there so much poverty and vagrancy in e time
Harrison reckoned 10000 vagrants
JP caveat for common cursitors, 23 ways of knavery
Population increased at rate which outstripped productivity
Prices rose more than wages
Living standards declined 1/4 over reign
Two reasons migration of workers and unemployed
Rising or north 1565 could be from vagrants
Population 4.1 million by 1601
1563 act helped as it said said land tilled for 4 years can’t be pasture, exaggerated as enclosure less prevalent in e reign
1593 tillage laws repealed
How did towns and cities solve problems of poor
St bartholomews hospital for the sick
St Thomas’s hospital, greyfriars orphanage
Norwich 650 people contributed to 200 poor
Some cities tax give to poor, Ipswich
York small daily payment
Fines for non attendance used to help poor
What efforts were made to regulate employment
Employers concerned over inflation
1563 statue of artificers passed, under 30 who were unmarried bound to serve employer, limit discontent, everyone to work on land unless exception, wage rates settled locally
Act also for apprenticeships, only seven year ones, limit to how many could be taken on
Did not solve a lot as people still had to move a lot for work
Act of artificers little relevance to farmers
What were the laws introduced to help poor
1563 alms act, punishment for beggars, idle and deserving, people forced to pay for poor
1572 vagabonds or poor relief act, contribution to poor rate compulsory, begging had to be licensed in parishes, over 14 whipped and burned thro war, young children put in work
1576 act for relief of the poor, all large towns provide, persistent beggars to house of correction
1598 act for relief of the poor, maximum amount for poor rate, pauper children apprenticeships till 24, begging forbidden, JPs responsible for overseeing laws, people encouraged to help
1598 act for the punishment of rogues, vagabonds and sturdy beggars, banished or sent to gallows
1601 poor law, changes made permanent
How much help for poor came from individuals
Reformation ended idea of good works, no conscience
Norfolk wills generous
Ipswich from Tooley a merchant housed 40 poor
Leicester set up hospital
Bristol merchants gave food
Queen gave £1000 to help destroyed homes 1584
Only small minority of poor
How did e defend her prerogative through succession
Peter wentworth pamphlet on how weak country would be, died in prison 1597
What was the opposition to e prerogative on monopolies and purveyance
1593 House of Commons asked for remedy of purveyance
Parliament wanted bill
Pressed petitions in E hands
MP wingfield raised question
What concessions were made to e prerogative of monopolies and purveyance
E ended worst ones
E golden speech 1601, ended opposition
What protections were put up for e prerogative of monopolies and purveyance
Lord keeper egerton was sympathetic
Bacon supported prerogative
Cecil outraged at opposition
What contentions did e have with parliament during its decline after 1588
1593 parliament measures against catholics and puritans angered e, c can’t go more than 5 miles from home
Parliament how whitgift dealt with puritans 1589
1601 bill passed stopped priests having more than one job, blocked by whitgift
What events led to relations with parliament declining after 1588
No pressure to marry
Parliament 1601, Cecil needed £300000 grant, Raleigh said landowners were under-assessed
Only called parliament 4 times
Support for E after defeating armada 1588
1589 House of Commons 2 bills, 4 10ths and 15ths, twice usual amount, repeated in 1593
1597, burghley said more needed, conference of houses, only £480000 raised 1589, 3 bills and 6 10ths and 15ths, burghley decisive
How did war with Spain affect succession
1596 James threatened becoming catholic
James put pressure on e
James helped after Essex rebellion
How did war with Spain affect finance
Sent gifts to Henry VI, did not work
E spent £4.5 million
1599 had to sell £200000 crown lands
Phillip 2 bankrupt 1596 so support reduced
How did the actual war affect England
4000 sent to France
10000 troops to Holland
Defeated armada 1588, showed e strength, armies were disbanded, Leicester died 1588
How did the war with Spain affect the privy council
Late 1590s old councillors dead
Feud between Essex and Cecil
Essex favoured action, 1592 siege of Rouen lifted, burghley didn’t
How did the case of dr lopez affect e
Big guilty
Killed for plot on ‘e’
Showed hate of foreigners
How did the war with Spain affect relations with catholics
Divisions in religion so not effective
Loyal to E, did not want Philip 2
What were the social problems of the 1590s
Vagabonds increased
Poor suffered most, could not afford wheat
Plague, book of orders to quarantine
Millions more people
Problems with harvest in 1590s
Poor during 1580s, increased food price, doubled by 1596
Privy council forbade export in grain
1598 improved
How does unrest in 1590s show the government was paranoid
Oxford rising 1596, not a threat at all, leaders executed and torture used under 1571 treasons act, tillage act 1597 reversed enclosure since 1588, 20 year olds ( most affected), against enclosures, ringleaders wanted to throw down enclosures get guns then march to London
Evidence of unrest in 1590s
Most Ipswich 1586
Food riot Kent 1595
Apprentices regularly rioted in London
Unrest in Ireland 1590s
Tyrone won battle of yellow ford 1598, had control
Fear would let Spain invade
O’Neil rebellion
Mountjoy crushed rebellion in Ireland
How did Parliament fear unrest 1590s
Troops treated the poor
Mutiny 1602
Monopolies
Officers were attacked
Famine
Plague
Wages
Who was the earl of Essex
Came to prominence at court as a result of his birth, his connections, personal attributes
General under Leicester in 1585
Master of the horse 1587 Leicester
Why did essex rebel
1589 joined expedition to Lisbon against direct orders
Essex over optimistic about himself, 1592 wasting time conferring with henry IV
Weakened by rivalry with Cecil’s weakened him, 1593 tried to get bacon attorney-general, cecil favoured coke as bacon had annoyed e in 1593 parliament. He didn’t get role with damaged his reputation as a patron
Could not decide his role, while 1596 won acclaim expedition to Cadiz, cecil appointed secretary consolidating Cecil’s control of the government
Bad luck, 1597 ‘islands voyage’ failed because of weather
Reacted badly when didn’t get own way, 1598 annoyed queen about who to send to Ireland, she slapped him
His role in Ireland proved disastrous
Returned from Ireland without royal permission enraged the queen he was put in house arrest
What led to Essex hostilities through Ireland
Essex had support at court like earl of Worcester
E showed concern of his support, showed in public address to JPs
Political agitators blamed unrest on Essex failing
E sent mountjoy too ireland removing Essex as an ally
E did not renew patent on imported sweet wines, most of his income
Essex tried to persuade mountjoy to return with an army to support him
Made approaches to James VI suggesting Cecil planned to put the spanish infanta as ruler
How much of a threat was the Essex rebellion
Essex driven to insanity so not impactful
He had no large support group
Only 6 executions
Overestimated public support
realistic plan by earl of Southampton to take control of palace of Whitehall, failed as supporter got cold feet
Essex has support in wales, too far away for any good
One of his men wanted to burst into the queen at dinner and demand Essex release, he failed
Played on cecilian regime dislike, could not unite enemies
Executed then government on a single faction
To what extent did e popularity decline in 1590s
Raleigh disgraced for making bess throckmorton pregnant
Earl of Southampton left country after affair with Elizabeth vernon became public
Economic crisis 1590s character less convincing
Attendance at court fell off and 1600 aristocracy reluctant to accompany e to the earl of hertfords estates
E seemed depressed after Essex death
She took time in private when ill to not look frail, people complained she’s not in public
Poor appearance, 1596 council proclamation that improper portraits of queen were destroyed, portraits had to be approved, rainbow portrait 1600-3 symbolised she had wise counsel
Not all bad, 1603 she welcomed an Italian envoy from Venice
