Tudors a level 2019 v1 Flashcards
Name all political reforms by Somerset for Protestantism and what they did
Act of uniformity 1549 , First book of prayer, clergy can marry, communion in English, c practices remained, such as fast days
1547 Chantries Act, dissolution to fund war with Scotland
1548 proclamation for order after repeal of treason act, ban on public preaching
Repeal of treason act, radicals discussed, led to iconoclastic attacks on images and alters
What change was there under Somerset at grassroots level
If clergy refused P they would be imprisoned
Hooper helped, 171 out of 311 clergy did not know Ten Commandments
Difficulties Somerset had when enforcing P
P less attractive
Henry 8 said no reforms till Ed is 18
Removed c practices
Somerset only a moderate
Only few areas like London wanted reform
Gardiner opposed
Work done by government under somerset to enforce change
Remove images and statues
English bible
July 1547 book of homilies
Clergy taught in English
Northumberland religious change reform
1552 new treason act, offence to question supremacy
images, 1549 destruction of remaining images
Ordinal 1550, revised ordination of priests, had to wear surplice and take oath annoyed hooper, hooper imprisoned, compromise hooper free
1552 second act of uniformity
1552 second prayer book, not everyone agreed, all churches used
Effects of 1549
Did not slow p
Still remained a faction struggle
What was the situation at a local level of religion in 1553
Confused after split with Rome
Only place welcomed was London
Prayer book rebellion exception
Rapid c under Mary
What impact did Ed have on religion by 1553
42 articles never enforced
Big changes only 1552, not much time for impact
Only 6 year reign
What change did Ed bring religiously by 1553
England was P
Bishops were P compared to 1547
All churchwarden accounts say P accepted
Imposing change not easy
Was Mary’s religious changes welcomed
In first day 6 churches in London turned catholic
Great enthusiasm
Oxford set up their chalices
Parliament opened with mass even though illegal
About Mary’s religious beliefs
Ed dying meant god with her
Devout c
Stubborn and did not see implications of papal authority over royal supremacy
Mary’s religious goals
Gain papal authority
Undo religious changes under Ed
No clerical marriage
Secure C by kids
Persecute opposition
Religious houses
What obstacles did Mary face when imposing Catholicism
Charles V concerned change too quick
Gardiner unsure of papal authority
Renard concerned over monastic lands
What was the opposition to Mary’s religious changes
1554 wyatts rebellion, more about marriage
Rebellion happened before serious changes
800 P left England
Impact of Mary’s burnings
Heresy laws 1554, burnings began 1555
Rogers burnt first
300 burnt
Foxe book of martyrs, opposition to them
Converted c to p
What were Mary’s religious reforms
Mary used prerogative to suspend second act of uniformity and mass, no opposition
Parliament refused to suspend Act of Supremacy 1553, suggests anti papal
Act of repeal, undid Ed changes to 1547 and act of 6 articles
1554 heresy laws, only passed if monastic lands not returned, parliament could only care about property, MPs owned that land
Royal injunctions restored all C practices, P bishops removed
2nd act of reform 1554, Mary forced to compromise with landowners recognised parliament so limited c as no limited monasteries, reversed all legislation since 1529
Reaction to persecution of Protestants by Mary
1555 Latimer and Ridley burnt
Cranmer burnt 1556, Mary’s mistake as he recanted C
Destroyed her popularity
Death of gardiner 1555 removed influence on Mary, burnings increased after
Local authorities pushed it, pressured by G, authorities were reluctant
Reaction religiously to Mary’s death
Took E long time so suggests good reign
Impact by Mary on parishes
Neglected by Ed
Liked return of c practices
Repaired during Mary’s reign
Change by the end of 1558 religiously
Tried to control P literature, failed as 19000 second prayer books remained, smuggled into England
Burnings bad
There was new book of homilies and new c testament, not much time for impact
Pole wanted seminaries to train priests, limit for general change
Good change, bishops visited churches a lot more under pole, London synod meant priests resident for authorities
What were the powers of the privy council
Inter related so could dominate
Used JPs 30 per county
Parish constables
How did the privy council influence E
Pushed for execution of Mary queen of Scots
E relied on council
Influenced by courtiers such as Dudley and Raleigh before being members
1579 denied marriage to french duke of alencon thro pamphlets by Leicester
How was E careful about who was in the privy council
Core team 1580s burghley Hatton Leicester walsingham
Not many there for power only earl of derby
How were the privy council made up
3 group councillors, nobility, new men and royal household
Met 2 a week
Who was Cecil
Burghley
Was e closest advisor
What was Cecil’s view on Catholicism
Saw them as wanting to overthrow
Wanted marriage
What was Cecil’s role at government
Used hires pens, worton to attack marriage of Norfolk and Mary, Norton 1562 play about kingdom
Controlled everything
1560 threatened resign if no intervention to help lords of congregation in Scotland
Behind Mary execution 1586
How did Leicester affect factions
1576 got Dutch to request aid via letter
Took offence easily
Was against Cecil
Leicester had a rivalry against alliance of norfolk and Suffolk led to E saying not marry Leicester 1565-66, E was victim
How did factions grow
Patronage
How far did factions not effect E
Everyone wanted her favour
Took advantage of them by using links to leading figures
Rivalries ended after a while, Cecil and Leicester by 1570s
Only two executions for treason, Norfolk and Sussex
Prolonged decisions
Positives of how E exploited her gender
Favours thro people flirting
All female privy chamber led to a lot of gossip, 1569 picked up Norfolk’s plan to marry Mary
Used possibility of marriage, Hatton stayed single, alencon led on
What were the drawbacks of E gender
John Knox ‘blast of the trumpet against monstrous regiment of women’, female monarch against god
Jealousy, Leicester married, 1574 women of privy chamber and scudmore and Mary Shelton
How did E manage free speech in parliament
Poor attendance, less than 50% 1559, fines didn’t change it
Called parliament 12 times in 45 years, subsidy bills, limited opposition
Could dissolve and pirogue parliament, no opposition
Kept prerogative, marriage foreign affairs religion not allowed
Peter wentworth made speech to break prerogative, sent to tower 1566
How did E parliament deal with Mary queen of Scots
Pressured e to execute
Parliament got their way
Both houses beat her
Queens methods of twisting parliament
Used members of council
Complex speeches
Speaker sympathetic, lord bacon
How did e manage religion thro parliament
1571 Strickland banned for proposal to prayer book, mps protested he came back and e never did this again
Believed only bishops and convocation had say
What power did e have over bills
1572 veto Mary queen of Scots can never be queen
1571 vetoed bill on harsh recusancy fines
What were the reasons E never married
Did not want to share power
Put country first
Psychological, sexual abuse, saw bad marriages
Needed Protestant husband, argued as C could have private mass
No husband of equal rank, however alencon was
Why didn’t e marry Dudley
Tried to marry Mary queen of Scots in 1564
E would discredit herself
Bad reputation, killed wife Amy robsart
Why was a marriage needed for E
Cecil thought king easier to deal with
Pressure eased when James 6th horn 1566
Needed heir
Potential suitors for E
Philip 2nd, after alliance, catholic, rejected 1559 as he wanted papal
Archduke Charles, rejected, was catholic and supported by Philip, Cecil revisited as England needed allies and events in Scotland and the capture of Mary made E secure so no need
Charles IX, french, duke of Anjou more likely, ended due to religion in 1571
Duke of alencon, no deep religion, council opposed, 1581-2 went to court E, e sacrificed herself by not going thro
What impact did marriage and succession have on domestic affairs
Stubbs wrote tract, hands cut off
1566 molyneux pressed E for marriage, e claimed naming a successor would stimulate unrest
A subsidy bill included section on E promise to marriage, e furious
Early parliament wanted marriage, 1559 wanted all haste, repeated again in 1563
She summoned 30 of each house, marry when she can
What impact did the issue of marriage and succession have on foreign affairs
Not a huge impact
Spain war, gave Mary their support
Recognised James VI as successor
Sent envoy to E 1561 Mary queen of Scots
What were the problems with stability of having a minor on the throne
Could not battle
Did not look strong, 1553 coin made Ed look strong
Threat from civil war
Somerset in charge, not what Henry wanted, question legality, went against regency council, causes unrest that Ed can’t control
Name factors apart from minor that affected stability
Ed expected to reach adulthood
1543 third succession act Ed Mary then e
Regency council balance between reformists and catholic’s, there till ed 16
Describe how Somerset’s coup led to his fall
He had a lot of power
Took Ed to Hampton court then Windsor where Ed said he was a prisoner and escaped
Wriothesly did not like the religious change
The events of 1549 led to this
There was unrest mainly due to his methods, from Warwick, shown in pagets letters, there was anti-somerset faction
How did the rise of Warwick play a factor in Somerset’s coup
Somerset was released by Warwick, he continued to plot and was executed
Warwick pushes for Protestantism more
Removed opponents by using catholic plot on 1550 to say if you attacked Somerset, attacked Warwick, appointed himself lord president
Forced to ally with radicals, impacted religious change
What was Jane greys role in the devise to alter the succession
She was made heir, Northumberland’s son married her (Dudley), she was Protestant
How did Mary proclaiming herself queen affect the devise to alter the succession
She asked holy roman emperor Charles V for help
Privy council recognised her as legitimate ruler when n left London
How did Ed’s lack of health affect devise to succession
As his health declined, people were forced to sign
Ed died 1553, no propaganda campaign, poor organisation, professional army gone 1552
How did Mary treat those who helped with devise
She was lenient to most, Norfolk, pager, Gardiner
Not lenient on Cecil
What was the threat from a female ruler under Mary
Knox said instability
Did not look strong
Part of reason to wyatt rebellion 1554
Can’t control factions
Needed to marry, would Mary be subservient?, Englishman would dominate court, foreign could drag into wars
Couldn’t lead to battle
Only one before, ended in civil war
Describe how wyatts rebellion came as a result of marriage to Philip 2 and what happened
There was a fear over Spaniards dominating
Gardiner discovered plot so wyatt has to start
Only 100 executed as a result
Mary stayed in London showed she could control
Proctor said it was about religion to calm unrest
Dec 1553 Mary put forward treaty for marriage opposed in 1554
How did marriage to Philip 2 create faction and instability
Never got a c heir
Hardly changed much
Established committees 1554 to improve efficiency, excludes casual
Size of council ineffective
Death of Gardiner increased efficiency As lager had no opposition
