tudors Flashcards
1
Q
When was battle of Bosworth
A
22 August 1485 he date his reign day before to make Richard iii supporters traitors supported by william stanley
2
Q
when was henry vii crowned
A
october 1485
3
Q
When was henrys first meeting at parliament and what happened
A
november 1485
28 acts of attainder against yorkists. Act of resumption returned all crown lands lost since war of the roses
4
Q
When where henry VII children born
A
Arthur 1486
Margaret 1489
Henry 1491
Mary 1496
5
Q
When was elizabeth married and crowned
A
Married elizabeth of york Jan 1486 crowned in november
6
Q
How did the JPs power increase throughout the reign
A
1485 power to arrest poachers and hunters
1491 grant bail
1495 vet juries
7
Q
What happened with patronage
A
Henry created 3 earls 2 viscounts and 8 barons
8
Q
how many acts of attainders were passed
A
138 with 51 form 1504 to 09
9
Q
When did he pass a law against retaining
A
Nov Dec 1487
10
Q
How many bonds during henrys reign
A
191 in first 10 years
11
Q
number of nobles during his reign
A
fell from 62 to 42
12
Q
When was lovell rebellion
A
April1486
13
Q
what happened in lovell rebellion
A
3 of richards supporters during henrys northern progress led by thomas lovell and humphrey who was executed
14
Q
who did simnel pretend to be
A
Edward earl of Warwick
15
Q
Who supported him
A
Margret of burgundy (Richards sister) Genral Fitzgerald ear of kildare
16
Q
What happened in Simnel’s rebellion
A
Crowned Edward VI in Dublin 1487
Lost Battle of Stoke june 1487 John de la pole killed in battle
17
Q
When and what was cause of yorkshire rebellion
A
1489 Parliament voting for 100k in taxes to be rose for war in brittany
18
Q
Who ended yorkshire rebellion
A
Earl of surrey
19
Q
When did warbeck rebel and who did he impersonate
A
1491 99 Richard duke of york
20
Q
Who supported him and what happened
A
Margaret of Burgundy
Welcome in scotland by James IV in 95 forced out after treaty of ayton 1497
Tried to join in with cornish rebellion
Hanged 1499
21
Q
When was cornish rebellion and what cause it
A
1497 120k tax for war with James IV and warbeck rebels crushed at battle of black heath sept
22
Q
What happened with earl of suffolk
A
Edmund de la pole fled to Calais 1499 fled to HRE 1501
imprisoned until 1513 then executed
23
Q
How was Parliment used by Henry VII
A
Sparingly called 7 times
24
Q
Main use of Parliment
A
To fund war
25
How many members of kings council and key names
227 John morton Richard fox Reginald bray
26
Council learned law
Started 1495 led by Bray till 1503 then ran by epson and dudley replaced Star Chamber (est1487) Maintained Kings revenue and Feudal rights
27
Medina del campo
1489 free trade between england and spain marriage agreement Catherine and arthur
28
Treaty of redon
1489 6000 troops to defend breton independence
29
Treaty of Dordrecht
1489 HRE sent maxamillian 3000 troops
30
Treaty of etaples
1492 peace removed troops from all french soil except calais
31
Holy Leauge
1495 Signed by european powers in retalaition of Charles who invaded italy 94
32
Intercesus magnus
1496 Free trade agreement with burgundy except flanders
33
Treaty of ayton
1497 Scots stopped supporting warbeck
34
When did Arthur die
1502
35
Treaty of perpetual peace
1502 James IV and Margret tudor marry
36
What was society like in 1500
50% lived under poverty line in rural areas. 55 nobles
10k regular clergy
30k secular clergy
37
What happened with agriculture
Increase in enclosure cause depopulation wool grew in probability so production increased
38
When was the trade embargo on burgundy for supporting warbeck
1493
39
How important was cloth trade
Made up 90 percent of all exports. From start of Henrys reign 60 increase in cloth exports
40
When and what did the two navigation acts do
1485 and 89 prohibited exporting using foreign ships if English were available crew had to be 50 percent English. Limited success by 1509 trade was still 50 percent carried out by foreign ships
41
What economy did Henry VII Inherit
income 12000 anually bankrupt throne
42
How did annual income change during Henry VII reign
Annual income rose from 29k in 1485 to 42k in 1509
43
How dis the crown raise ordinary revenue
Wardship- controlling minors estates before age
Crown lands- inherited lands in york and lancaster
Relief paid by an heir to receive inheritence
Imports exports
Legal system- Attainder of william stanley after betrayal in 1495 9000k 1k a year afterwards, and fines against retaining
44
How was extrodinary revenue raised
Bonds and recognisances 3k to 35k
Parlimentary taxes (led to two rebelllions)
Clericsl taxes Special subsidies imposed on Church
French pension from treaty of etaples 159000
Feudal obligations 30000 for Knightood of arthur 1504
Loans and benevolences
45
Situation of Catholic Church in Henry VII reign
Very powerful from people fears and beliefs
35000 ordained clergy 10k nuns Own legal system
Plauged by corruption
46
Hierachy of Church
POpe, Cardinals, Archbishops, Bishops, Parish Priests
47
When was Printing press brought to England
1476
48
Who was Erasmus
Dutch Key figure Humanist movement
49
How long was Henrys reign
1509-47
50
Henry VIII Early descions
Honored marriage agreement to COA
Reappointend Lovell Chancellor of exchequer
Bishop Fox Lord Privy seal
Archbishop warham Lord cahncellor
Cancelled 175 bonds and recognisances
51
What did he do with Council Learned in Law
Arrested empson and dudley and abolished it in 1509
52
Did he keep Jps
Yes
53
How was privy council used
More important
20 men from court
Early years wolsey and Thomas More
32 40 Cromwell
Later years Sir william paget
54
Foreign policy aims
Be a warrior king Like Henry V
55
How did Wolsey rise
!514 Archbishop of York
1515 Lord chancellor and cardinal
1518 Papal Legate
56
Wolsey relationship with Parliament
Called 2 1515 and 23 to deal with Hunne case and demand an subsidy for war with france
57
How was parliment used Compared to Henry VII
Continuity between H7 and H8 mainly used to raise revenue
58
What were the goals of legal reforms
To challenge unfair and slow distribution of justice
59
How was court of star Chamber used
Importance raised since H7 time Wolsey used to dish out cheap impartial justice. Wolsey seen as friend of poor help with enclosure of sheep. Encouraged them to speak out against nobles cases rose to around 120
60
When and what was act of resumption
1515 returned Crown lands given away by H7 at start of his reign
61
1523 parliament
subsidy of 800k demanded for war with france only 150k ever raised
62
Amicable Grant
1525 Demand for funds for war with France, Sparked rebellion in Lavenham suffolk, was abandoned
63
Eltham Ordinances
1526 Financial reforms of the Privy council organised by Wolsey Reduction in number of men in Privy council Changed groom of stool Wolsey seen as trying to ensure his political supremacy
64
How did Wolsey Serve the crown
Spent a lot of time star chamber Greater Justice to the legal system. Promoted Civil Law.
Extremely Just
Star chamber accessible to the weak
65
How did he serve himself
Star Chamber used to get revenge on nobles who treated him bad, overturned common law decisons that adversely affected him
Used for revenge against nobles
66
Why and when did Wolsey fall
Inability to grant annulment to COA charged with praeminure 1529 and arrested and died nov 1530
67
When was cromwell in power
32 40
68
What was the political revolution during Cromwell
King in Parliament
Parliament instrumental in passing all necessary reform legeslation
69
What was Burecratic revolution
Emergence of privy council as engine of Gov Developement of specialised departments of Gov
70
What was state of Royal council second half of Henry viii reign
Composed of professionally trained lawyers and bureaucrats instead of nobles
71
Financial Reforms by Cromwell
Court of Augmentations Controlled land and finances formerly under control of cath church
c of general surveyors handed ex monastic lands then merged with c of Aug
Court of first fruit and tenths Collected money previously sent to Rome
C of Wards Establish enforce Henry feudal rights
72
Role of parliment and use DURING H8
Active for 183 weeks 136 after 1529 used to enact necessary legislation for the reformation
73
Fall of cromwell
Henry desired Cath How Niece of d of Norf crom biggest rival. Arrested on charges of introd furth protes reforms failing to enfore act of six articles executed day H8 married CH
74
Conservative faction
Led by D of Norf, stephen Gardiner Accepted Break with R opposed doctrinal change responsible for Act of Six articles
75
76
Reform Faction
Accepted Break with R
opportunity to introduce protestant Doctrines
Led by Ed seymour Archbishop cranmer
responsible for fall of CH
Arrest of Norfolk
77
H8 aims
Emulate Henry V claim french throne and conquer french lands
78
Wolsey aims
Mantain balance of Power prevent conflict
Lim power of nobility
please pope
put england centre of diplomacy
79
Battle of spurs
1513 Henry led 30000 men to calais captures tournai(to expensive garrisoned till 18) and Therroune( given to maxamillian)
80
Battle of Flodden
1513 sep COA and surrey prevent scot invasion England win James Iv killed Margret tudor becomes regent
81
Treaty of saint Germain
what happened to France in 1515
1514 Henry spending much more on war then annual incomes
Francis I succeeded 1515
82
1516
Charles V succeeded inherited HRE 1519 after death of Maxamillian
83
Treaty of Londom
1518
20 countries agree peace England centre of eu affairs wolsey organised
England returned tournai to france for pension
84
Field of cloth of gold
1520 between Eng an Fr
1521 Wolse agrees meeting with HRE agree to invade France
1522 Mary promised to Charles V
Failed invasion of Calais no support from Charles V
85
1525
CHV captured F1 vic at pavia called of marriage to Mary aliance with england on rocks.
Treaty of More gave up eng kings right to french throne
86
Sack of Rome
Charles V 1527
87
Henry excommunicated
1538
88
Truce of Nice
1538 Francis I and Charles V began fighting again 41
89
James V marrys mary f guise
1538
90
Act of six articles
restored some cath doctrines affirmed transubstantiation
91
Henry and anne of cleves
Marry Jan 1540 divorce July
92
Battle of Solway moss
1542 James V wall ill during battle died week later succeeded by Mary q of s
93
1544
Heney set sail to Calais 48k men Captured Boulougne
94
1545
Failed french invasion of England caused by French incompetence
95
Treaty of Ardes
1546 Reneal of pension money Boulougne would be returned to France in 1554 War in france had cost Henry 2mil
96
How did Henry Secure the crown
Mary I born 1516
Annulment from COA 1533
1st succesion Act 1534 mary illegitamate
2 succesion act 1536 elizabrth illegetimate after execution of Anne boelyn
1537 Birth of prince edward
1544 3rd succession act repealed 1536 Mary and elizabeth back in succession
97
Nobility during H8 reign
9 more by end of reign remained critical for maintenance of local influence and to raise recruitment of the royal army
97
gentry during H8
5000 gentry families in England 1540 Increase in number of gentry and Jps during his reign
97
Commoners in H8 reign
Inflation led to drop in real wages contributed to ill feeling of amicable grant
98
Ambicable Grant
1525 against taxes for war with france
98
Was there any tudor Prosperity in H8 reign
Sig population growth after 1525
Artificial boom between 1544 46 after debasement, 25 % increase in exports 33 34
98
Pilgrimage of grace time and causes
1536
dissolution of lesser monasteries 1536
Loss of parish churches
ordinary rebels hated taxes
99
pilgramage of grace events
Began 1536 Linconshere spread through the north
Led by Robert aske and 18 Gentry gre to 40k strong
H8 pardoned all rebels if they dispersed Fresh rebellions in Jan 1537 rebel leaders executed robert aske hanged
99
Exploration during H8
changed didn't continue H7 interests in exploration, building on achievements of Cabot and Bristol merchants
99
Affects and causes of Tudor Econ depression
Bad Harvests 1520 21 27 29 food prices doubled through reign
Real wages declined
Debasement began 1526 Long term effects lasted to Edward VI reign
Wars with scot and france very costly over 3m
100
Church pre 1529
Corruption Common wolsey example of corrupt
Anticlericalism Richard Hunne death 1514
101
First act of annates
1532 Banned payments of annates to rome
102
submission of clergy
may 1532 accepted Henry as lawmaker not pope Thomas more resigned next day
103
Act in restraint of appeals
Feb 1533 Henrys Marriage to Coa annulled
104
Second Act of Annates
Jan 1534 Abbots and bishops were appointed by the king not pope
105
Act to stop peter pence
Abolished payments of tax to rome march 1534
106
Act of supremacy
Henry is rightfully supreme head of church of england Nov 1534
107
Treason act
Dec 1534 defined in word as well as deed
108
Act of first fruit and tenths
Clerical taxes wen to king now not pope
109
Execution of Carthusian Monks
1535 Bishop Fisher june
Thomas more july
opposed break with rome
110
Dissolution of lesser monastries
Feb 1536 Monasteries worth under 200 shut down
111
Act of ten articles
July 1536 Seven sacraments of cath doctrine rejected 3 remaining baptisim eucharist and pennancwe move towards protestantism
112
Royal injuctions issued by cromwell
Aug 1536
Clergy ordered to defend royal supremacy abandon pilgramages
Give money for educational reasons to teach children
113
Matthews Bible
Published 1537 very protestant
114
Further injuctions from cromwell
Sep 1538 English bible to be placed in all parishes within 2 years. Relics removed from church
Birth marriage death to be registered in every parish
115
Act of Six articles
1539 Confirmed Transubstantiation burning was punnishment (anne askew jul 1546)
Private masses hearing of confession by priests
Banned
Marriage of Priests or anybody whod taken vow of chastity
Taking communion in both kinds
116
Act for Dissolution of Greater monastries
Jun 1539
117
July 1546
Henry named heavily protestant regency council
118
Dissolution of the monastries
at least 500 in eng and wales Wolsey had dissolved 20 in 1520s.
Monasteries were used to pray for salvation of souls didn't fit with protestant views
1540 court of augmentations est to manage income of dissolved monastries
Value of dissolution was 10 percent of kingdoms wealth was used to finance foreign policy for rest of Henry reign
119
Thomas More during H8 reign
Replaced Wolsey as Chancellor 1529
153 refused to swear oath supporting first succession act
executed July 1535
120
Arogonese Faction
Led by Courtenay Marquis of exeter lord Darcy Coa exclusion from second succession act pushed them to support pilgramage of grace Daecy and Hussey executed
121
Bishop Fisher
Was declared Cardinal by pope executed for high treason by H8
122
Monastic Resistance
- Biggest example of monastic resistance – Carthusian monks.
- 1532-33 – refused to accept the divorce, 1534 – resisted Government pressure to sign a declaration against the authority of the Pope.
- After the passage of The Treason Act 1533, monks were forced to submit, 18 were executed.
123
How did H8 leave england financially
Edward inherited deep financial problems
Debasement raised 1.27 mill in edwards reign
Debt owed domestically and abroad
124
How long was Edward VI reign
1547 53
125
who was somerset
Edward seymour Edwards uncle appointed himself duke of somerset and lord protector within weeks of H8 death surreneder 11 october 1549
126
Who was Northumberland
Succeded somerset appointed himself lord pres of priv counc
Plotted devise to put Lady jane grey on throne executed for treason Aug 1553
127
When was Jane Grey named queen
9th July 1553
128
When was mary declared queen
19 July 1553 gained support of council and people in england who supported succession
129
How long was Marys reign
1553 to 1558
130
Privy council during Mary Reign
restored to 50 members william paget restored to council appointed many of her loyal and trusted supporters had limited political experience
131
Mary and Gov
Took advice from outsiders like Charles V ambass Simon renard,
132
Mary acts in parliament
- Mary’s first Parliament in 1553 removed all religious legislation passed under Edward.
- Jan 1554 – Around 800 Protestants fled to the continent (Marian exiles). - Parliament of 1554-55 undid most of Henry VIII’s religious legislation, and restored Papal supremacy.
- Mary tended to take advice of political outsiders, such as Charles V’s ambassador Simon Renard.
- New book of rates introduced in 1558 to improve Crown income from custom duties.
- 1558 Militia Act laid down a system of Commissioners of Muster to organise the recruitment of local militias in wartime. Arms Act of 1558 established better procedures for supplying weapons to the Royal Army.
133
When did H2 become french king
1547
134
Battle of pinkie
1547 England defeat scotland 25 garrison but on border between then and 49 48 French troops arrived in scotland
135
sommerset and Scotland
- Sept 1547 – Victory at the Battle of Pinkie against the Scots.
- Jan 1548 – Somerset appealed to Scotland to agree to marry Edward to Mary (future Queen of Scots).
- 1547-49 – Established 25 garrisons on the Scottish border, with a further 14 planned. Had to remain at the border, did not have the economic or military power to push further in for a full invasion.
- June 1548 – 10,000 French troops arrived in Scotland.
- Marriage alliance between Mary, Queen of Scots and Henry II’s son.
- 1549 – French withdrew from Scotland, lucky escape for Somerset.
136
Treaty of Boulogne
March 1550England gave up control of Boulogne for 400,000 crowns.
o England removed all troops from Scotland.
o Planned marriage between Edward VI and Elizabeth, daughter of Henry II.
o England and France formed a defensive alliance.
137
\northumberlnd for pol
- April 1550 – Began reorganisation of the Scottish border.
- By March 1552 – Scottish border was restored to before Henry VIII’s Scottish campaign.
- 1550 – Henry II recaptured Boulogne.
- Engagement of Edward VI and Elizabeth, daughter of Henry II.
- 1550 – Charles V caused a collapse in the Antwerp cloth market.
- England put a temporary embargo on the sale of cloth to the Netherlands, trade relations improved by June 1552.
- English relations with Charles V stagnated, refused to be dragged into the Habsburg-Valois wars.
- By cutting foreign ties Northumberland could focus on stabilising the economy.
- Charles V angered by the harassment of Princess Mary and increased Protestantism in England.
138
Success of Foreign Policy in Edward’s Reign
- Expensive wars with little gain, Somerset spent £600,000 on wars with Scotland and France. Garrisons cost £200,000 per year.
- No main objectives met, for example failed attempts to secure a marriage for Edward.
- Northumberland had to accommodate for Somerset’s mistakes.
139
Marys marriage
agreed in Jan 54 married july Phillip II and Mary I led to wyatts rebellion
140
When was Anti spanish Pope paul Iv elected
May 1954
141
frnch papal alliance
Jul 56 reopened Hapsburg Valois wae
142
July 1557
England declared war on france raids on scottish border
143
French Capture calais
1558
144
Mary death
1558
145
Treaty of Cataeu-Cambresis.
- April 1559 peace between france england and spain
146
When did the Western rebellion Start
1549
147
Causes of Western rebellion
Iconoclasm of Church images, particularly Archdeacon William Body’s harsh removal, Body murdered April 1548.Outrage at the 1549 Book of Common Prayer, seen as too Protestant.
Resentment of the March 1549 Sheep tax.
o Outrage at inflation, for example 1547-49 – Wheat prices quadrupled
148
Western rebellion events
- Local gentry unable to deal with the rebels effectively, Hellier murdered, Peter Carew attempted to negotiate with the rebels 21st June, failed.
- 29th June – Lord Russell ordered to find a solution.
- 6,000 armed rebels in Exeter, Sampford Courtenay and Clyst Heath.
- 2nd July – Rebels take Exeter, hold on to it for 6 weeks, rebels were defeated at Clyst Heath 6th August, at Exeter 16th August, and finally defeated at Sampford Courtenay 17th August.
- Over 3,000 rebels killed.
149
Ketts rebellion
1549
150
Ketts rebelllion causes
o Belief that the local officials were abusing the commoners in East Anglia, in particular abuse of the Norfolk foldcourse system.
o Some religious motives, such as the request for removal of inadequate clergy, but was not the main reason for the rebellion.
o Frustration of the maladministration locally of the Howard family.
o John Guy – ‘the closest thing Tudor England came to a class war’.
151
Ketts rebellion events
Robert Kett had his enclosures attacked, but joined and led the rebels.
- 12th July – 16,000 strong rebellion established a base in Mousehold Heath, overlooking Norwich. Took Norwich 22nd July.
- York Herald offered full pardons to rebels who dispersed 21st July, Kett rejected. Pardons offered again 30th July, rejected. 1st August – failure of Earl of Northampton to retake Norwich.
- 23rd August – Earl of Warwick (Duke of Northumberland) arrived with 12,000 men, 1,000 foreign mercenaries. 27th August – Rebels crushed, 3,000 killed, Kett executed 26th Nov along with 49 others.
152
Wyatts rebellion
Jan 1554
153
Wyatts rebellion causes
o Marriage treaty Jan 1554 between Mary I and Phillip II of Spain.
o Xenophobia of the Spanish.
154
Wyatt's rebellion events
- Discovery of the plan in Jan 1554 forced the rebels to act, only Thomas Wyatt in Kent was able to raise a serious army, 4,000 in Kent. Suffolk in the midlands only raised 140 men.
- Indecisiveness of Wyatt caused delay. 1st Feb – Mary gave a speech at Guildhall rallying support for her.3rd Feb – Rebels reach Southwark but are stopped at London bridge, turning point of the rebellion.6th Feb – Rebels retreat upstream to Kingston upon Thames. 7th Feb – Rebels stop at Ludgate on the edge of London, Wyatt surrenders.Lady Jane Grey was executed as a result of her father supporting the rebellion, Elizabeth I was imprisoned in the Tower of London for apparent implication in the rebellion.
155
Somerset's economy
Debasement continued in order to fund the war with Scotland. Brought in £537,000 but made inflation worse.1547 – Chantries Act – Similar to the 1545 Act under H8, sold chantries for financial reasons, not religious, ended around 2,400 chantries.- Poor harvest in 1548, further compounded inflationary pressures.
June 1548 – Issued a proclamation enforcing all previous statutes against enclosure
156
Economy under Northumberland
March 1550 – Treaty of Boulogne brought a payment of £133,333 for the return of Boulogne.- Summer 1551 – Collapse of cloth trade with Antwerp led to increased unemployment, particularly in East Anglia and the West of England- May 1551 – Coinage debased for the last time.
- 1552 – Began reminting the coinage at its 1527 levels
- 1553 – Financial situation stabilised, however Parliament voted against taxes and another £140,000 worth of crown lands were sold.
157
Economy under Mary
1555-56 Heavy rain caused the worst harvests of the century, caused unprecedented rises in the prices of grain and widespread famine.- 1556-58 – Typhus epidemic followed by an outbreak of influenza/’sweating sickness’, killed 1/10 of all people who contracted it. Population may have dropped as much as 5% 1556-1561, worst death toll since the Black Death.- 1559 – Agricultural wages had dropped to 59% of what they had been 50 years earlier, due to inflation.- May 1558 – New Book of Rates was introduced, helped to dramatically raise customs revenue.
158
Religious Change under Somerset
Changes were primarily ceremonial, not doctrinal. Feb 1547 – Denunciation of images in London-July 1547 – Royal Injunctions issued, condemned many traditional Catholic practices Bible reading in English was permitted for all. Bishop Gardiner was imprisoned for refusing to accept the injunctions.- Nov-Dec 1547 – First Parliament, Act of Six Articles, heresy laws and the Treason Act were all repealed - 1548 – All Church images were banned.
- Jan 1549 – Act of Uniformity – Banned the Latin Mass, enforced the Book of Common Prayer (may)
159
Religious Change under Northumberland
- More radical, doctrinal, Protestant reform 1550-53.
- 1551 – Removal of Catholic Bishops such as Gardiner, Bonner, Day, Heath and Tunstall, replaced by Protestants such as Ridley, Hooper and Ponet.Rewriting of key services such as Baptism, Confirmation and Burial.- 1552 Parliament:
o New Treason Act, became an offense to question the Royal Supremacy or any belief of the Church of England.
o Second Act of Uniformity, became an offense for clergy to not attend Church of England Services.
o Enforced the Second Book of Common Prayer.
- 1552 – Second Book of Common Prayer – Removed all traces of Catholicism, confirmed consubstantiation.
- June 1543 – 42 Articles of Religion – Published by Cranmer, laid out the considerably Protestant doctrine of the Church.
160
- Stephen Gardiner
Bishop of Winchester and Lord Chancellor. Imprisoned during Edward’s reign in July 1547.
161
Reginald Pole
Cousin of Mary’s. Became Papal Legate, with the task to restore papal authority in England.
162
Mary religious Policies
Autumn 1553 . Passed the first Act of Repeal, which undid all Edwardian religious reformation, reinstating Mass, ritual worship and clerical celibacy. Church was restored to 1547 Act of Six Articles.- Dec1553 – Mary relinquishes the title of Supreme Head of the Church in England.
-Jan 1554 – Mass exodus of 800 Protestants to Germany and Switzerland.- Nov 1554 – Cardinal Pole returned to England, sentence of excommunication lifted from England.
- Nov 1554 – Second Act of Repeal (Great Act) – undid all anti-Papal legislation since 1529.- Dec 1555 – Reginald Pole named Archbishop of Canterbury.- 284 Protestant martyrs burned during Mary’s reign.
163
How long was elizabeth reign
1558 1603
164
When was Elizabeth Crowned
15 Jan 59
165
Act of Supremacy ( Elizabeth)
May 1559- Rejected Papal supremacy.
- Declared E1 ‘Supreme Governor’ of the CoE.
- Oath of loyalty imposed for all clergy, all but one of Mary’s bishops refused and were removed from office, around 300 (4%) lower clergy refused.
- Court of High Commission established to prosecute those whose loyalty was suspect.
Heresy laws repealed – ended the persecution of Mary’s reign.Communion in both kinds permitted.
166
Act of Uniformity
May 1559 Imposed 1552 prayerbook with some changes.- Wording of the communion was a mixture of the 1549 and 1552 Prayer Books.- Ornaments and Vestments were to be worn as stated in 1549
167
Act of Exchange
1559 -Gave Elizabeth the right to take over property once owned by the Bishops.
-Used more as a threat to keep Bishops in line who criticised the settlement.
168
What happened to William Cecil during Elizabeth reign
appointed sec of state became lord Burghey in 1571
169
How did Elizabeth view Patronage
Realised more valued when not given out freely.-Patronage used to dissuade nobles from rebelling, key to the 1569 Rebellion of the Northern Earls.
170
Who was robert dudley
Added to privy council 1962
Made earl of Leicster 1564
Convinced Elizabeth to reject proposal in 67 from Charles of Austria
171
Who influenced Elizabeth the most at the beginning of her reign
William Cecil
172
How many dukes in elizabeth reign
Only 1 survived Duke of Norfolk executed 1572 after Northern rebellion where they attempted to marry him mar queen of scots
173
How did the Privy council Change From M1 to E1
50 members during M1 reign to 19 at start of E1 mainly protestant Lord Treasurer winchester retained
174
What in Parlimentary session Jan-may 59
Religious settlement was pushed through by protestant councilors
175
Jan-April 1563 Parlimentary session
In 1563, Privy council openly pressed Elizabeth to marry.
176
Parlimentary session April-May 1571
Parliament granted a subsidy to pay for the suppression of the 1569 rebellion. William Strickland proposed a bill to reform the Book of Common Prayer, angered Elizabeth.
177
State of House and commons and lords during Elizabeth's reign
-House of Commons – Dominated by Protestants.
-House of Lords – Largely Conservative
178
Use of Parliment during E1
Grant revenue
179
How was elizabeth angered by Mps in 1566
Discussion of Succession
180
When did Francis II suceed Henry II
July 1559 he was brother of Mary of guise, so was queen of scots uncle
181
Treaty of Berwick
Feb 1560 8,000 English troops sent to Scotland
Caused by: Protestant revolt began in Scotland, French force of 9,500 troops prepared to enter Scotland in defence
182
–Treaty of Edinburgh
July 1560 All English and French troops removed from Scotland.
Mary Queen of Scots recognised Elizabeth as Queen of England.
Freedom of worship was permitted in Scotland, success for Cecil
183
When did Charles IX succeed and implications of this
1560 replaced by 10 year old Charles IX. Mother, Catherine de Medici, opposer to the Guise faction, became regent, and sent Mary Queen of Scots back to Scotland, accepted by the Protestant Lords
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– Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
April 1559 ended the Habsburg-Valois wars that began in 1515, France would keep Calais for 8 years, until 1567, refusal to return it to England after 8 years incurred 500,000 crowns in compensation
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How did elizabeth deal with French wars of religion between huegenots and Catholics
Elizabeth reluctantly agreed to help the Huguenots.
-Sept 1562 – Treaty of Richmond – Loan of 140,000 crowns to the Huguenot leader Louis I de Bourbon, 3,000 troops sent to garrison Le Havre, under the command of the Earl of Warwick, Dudley’s brother. In return, England would regain Calais.
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Treaty of Troyes
-April 1564 Ended all English involvement in the Wars of Religion, England gave up all right to Calais for a payment of 120,000 crowns.
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When and why Did Mary flee to England
-1568 – Fled to England, ‘Casket’ letters implicated Mary in Darnley’s death, Mary kept in prison, caused issues with rebellion
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Northern Rebellion
1569-1570 - Took place in Durham and North Yorkshire.
-Spanish ambassador, De Spes, encouraged Mary Stuart to rebel.
-Duke of Norfolk, enemy to Cecil, garnered support from disgruntled nobles.
-Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland heavily involved.
-Attempted to declare Mary heir to the throne.
-4,600 rebels, 7,000 of Elizabeth’s forces under the Earl of Suffolk.
-Took Durham, dispersed when faced with Elizabeth’s forces, around 800 executed
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Ridolfi plot
1571 Led By Earl of Morthumberland and Westmoreland conspired to marry mary and northumberland
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Spanish relation in 1560s
1559 – Phillip II offered to marry Elizabeth, as a sign of goodwill more than a genuine offer.- 1562 – Phillip protested to Elizabeth about her support towards the Huguenots, Elizabeth chose to keep her troops away from the Huguenot army in France.
-1563 – Phillip’s Government in the Netherlands banned imports of English cloth, Elizabeth retaliated and banned all imports from the Netherlands, both sides backed down in 1564
-Nov 1568 – payment of 400,000 florins to the Duke of Alba’s army was apprehended and impounded by Elizabeth, Alba responded by confiscating all English ships in the Netherlands. Elizabeth banned all trade with Netherlands and Spain
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Relations with Spain 70-71
-1570 – Elizabeth excommunicated by Pope Pius V.
-Philip encouraged the Northern Earls Rebellion in 1569, Ridolfi Plot 1571.
-1570 – Elizabeth began to consider marriage to Duke of Anjou, King Charles IX of France’s brother.
-1571 – Ridolfi Plot – Phillip and De Spes implicated, De Spes expelled
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Inflation During E1 reign
-Elizabeth announced a scheme to withdraw debased currency in the early years of her reign.
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Elizabeth poor law legislation
Statute of Artificers – Aimed to enforce potential workers to take on seven-year apprenticeships, enforce a minimum period on one year for any worker’s job, and to fix wages and prices, enforced by JP’s. Quickly became redundant
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Elizabeth and Ireland in early reign
-1560 – Elizabeth proclaimed Supreme Governor of the Church of Ireland.
-Frequent use of martial law led to bad relations with the Gaelic Irish.
-Rebellions in the South 1569-73
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Trade by 1558
- Dominated by London-Antwerp cloth trade, accounted for 75% of all English exports, brought in £35,000 to £50,000 per annum via custom duties.Danger of reliance on a single market highlighted with the collapse of the Antwerp cloth market in 1551 due to Charles V.
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How did Henry VII USE PLACEMENT
Used to control the nobility moved them away from powerhouse eg earl of Suffolk moved to north
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What happened to robert dudley after the 1570s
1585 – Made Lord Lieutenant of the expeditionary force in the Netherlands.
1586 – Accepted title of Governor of the Netherlands, Elizabeth angered and brought him back.
Appointed to lead the Royal Army against the Armada, died before it arrived.
Patronage used to dissuade nobles from rebelling, key to the 1569 Rebellion of the Northern Earls.
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When did Elizabeth execute the duke of norfolk
1972
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