American Dream Flashcards
1
Q
Post war prosperity in America
A
7% population
42% income
80% of Cars
America experienced a post war boom during war full employment and high pay led to consumer boom. Supplied Nations with Raw materials. Where getting paid back by allies who had taken loans
2
Q
Powers of Presidency
A
Big Goverment, Little state. Seen as most powerful man in the world
3
Q
Regional Divisons North
A
Traditionally pollitically dominant industrial centre with major cities, also centre of finance and trade. Mass migration from south to North
4
Q
Regional Divisions South
A
Very agricultral stood out due to conservative policies and racial segregation
5
Q
How much of population where white
A
Population of USA was 145 mil with 130 being white
6
Q
African Americans Post war
A
!4 million living in South share croppers, suffering discrimination and Jim crow laws was a mass migration to the North where segregation not legal. Came back annoyed afterfacing racism in army whilst fighting for American Ideology
7
Q
Roosevolt 1944 Gi bill of rights
A
For returning soldiers to help with finances ethnic divisions around it with one in 5 black recieving a place in college. Unemployment benefits and loans for college put 20 billion into us economy
8
Q
What is Truman Doctrine Called
A
Marshall plan
9
Q
What did Marshall plan do
A
Supported any country that was threatened by soviet forces or communist interest worth 13 billion to rebuild europe ERP ide of George Marshall Sec of state
10
Q
Truman Character
A
Not experienced For Pol strongly Anti communist
Very Blunt
11
Q
Who was a key advisor
A
Dean Acheson Sec of State who believed in the \domino Theory
12
Q
Post war Peace making
A
Yalta Confrence Feb 45 Roosevolt Germany split into 4 zones
Feb 1546 long telegram from george kennan calling for containment
13
Q
Containment in europe
A
Doctrine came into practice March 1947 with Truman asking congress for 400 million econ assistance for greece and turkey due to problems with Greek communists
14
Q
Hiw key was trumans doctrine
A
Remained in place for next 40 years
15
Q
What caused Berlin Blockade Airlift
A
in 48 Us, UK in talks to combine zones with France putting west Germany under 1 gov. Stalin saw as a threat Berlin was in his zone put each country owned it. People moving between zones in Berlin caused problems as the westerners were more affluent
16
Q
Berlin Blockade and Airlift Events
A
1948 Stalin blocked \berlin Us could not access by land. Truman ordered the supplying of Berlin by air for 324 days with 1.5 mil tons of supplies
12th may 48 Blockade lifted huge win for Truman soon after West Germany created
17
Q
When and why was Nato Created
A
April 1949 attack on one an attack on all. Anti Soviet pact by us canada and western eu countries
18
Q
What happened in Japan and why was it so key
A
Transformed country from a militaristic state into modern democracy led General Macarthur occupation ended in 1952 was key due to communist revolution in 1949 china
American spending boosted Japanese economy
19
Q
What happened in China
A
Mao and his communist forces beat Usa backed Jiang Jeshi ( who retreated to Taiwan). Truman failed based on his own doctrine Republicans talked about a loss of China Fear of domino effect in Asia
20
Q
Problem of Indo China
A
Vietnam Cambodia Laos French colonies. leader of indochina com party ho chin minh fought french in 31. He expected Us support after pledges to support self determination Us backed France due to fear of domino effect of losing Vietnam
21
Q
KOrean war causes and events
A
Was divided into North Ussr and South Us. USSR apponted kim il sing claimed sovreiginty of whole of korea invaded the south with 100k strong in June 1950. Us led a Un intervention commanded by MacArthur . Attack pushed North koreans deep in territory caused Chines involvement who backed North as their border was approached. Truman aimed to unite korea and rollback communism NK and China pushed Us forces back
22
Q
Aftermath of Korean war
A
Macarthur and truman fell out as he want to drop atoic bomb and openley complained about Truman’s approach was sacked after. Truman approval rating fell to 22 percent decided not to contest 1952 election
23
Q
How was the economy of the us compared to the world
A
Usa world dominant economy booming however world economy in shambles due to second wold war allies were in huge debt to the usa
24
Q
What type of economic did usa use
A
keynsian more Fdr less Truman but still used it
25
What was bretton woods system
July 1944 Creation of IMF and World Bank both based in new york
26
Impact of New deal
Helped recover Us economy after Great depression
27
Points from Fair deal( Truman)
Federal aid for education
Tax cuts for lowest earners plus increases in public housing minimum wage incread from 45 to 75
National health insurance and broader social security coverage
Creation of depatment of welfare
Anti lynching laws
28
When was US baby boom and some stats
1945 50
Car sales increased by 6 million from 46 to 55
War bonds pumped 185 million into economy
employment increased from 46 million to 61
Income per capita up by 40 %
29
Failures of Trumans economy
Budget defecit
Fair deal didnt pass through congress
Prolonged war with Korea led to high inflation reached 25%
30
How did the 1949 housing act pan out
810k Federally subsidised new homes were promised for low income families by 1952 only 156k had been built
31
Cause and aftermath of 1947 taft hartley act
The inflation led to demands for increased wages trade unions led strikes in steel unions, rail workers and miners. involved 4.6 million workers. Republican congress passed taft hartley to reduce union power( 80 day cooling off period before strike)
1952 Truman seized control of steel mills overstepped exec power lost in supreme court steel workers went on strike and output fell by a third
32
When did republicans take control of congress
1946 opposed Fair deal and sought to consrain executive power and cut taxes restoring market economy. They where labelled the do nothing congress by truman.
33
Trumans relationship with republican congress
Policies were rejected he vetoed 250 bills and 12 of them were overriden
34
Divisions in democrat party
Southern democrats split off in 1948 due to liberal race policies named the dixiecrats led by strom thurmold. Ran on platform of states righs
35
What did Joseph Mccarthy do
claimed 205 communists were working in the us state department in 1950. continued to make claims after although never had an proof was censured by congress in 1954
36
Impact of mccarthyism
500 state gov employees 600 teachers and 150 proffesors lost there jobs
37
How was Mccarthy so successful
Due to fear of communism and military strength ussr had successful tested a nuclear weapon in 1949 Ethel and julius rosenberg arrested for giving ussr information . Democrats struggled to defend those acuused as those who spoke out against him were then accused
38
What did Huac do
In 1947 they started investigating the Hollywood 10 a group of writers and directors who had been or were members of the ACP sentenced to 1 year
39
What was the red scare
Greatest domestic crisis for truman
40
Impact of mccarthyism
Republicans used lies to attack and weaken democrats led to their first presidency in 20 years
EO9835- Federal loyalty boards rooting out coms from fed gov
41
Trumans racial background
Was from Missouri a former slave state evidence of racism in early life. breif connection with kkk who supported him early career . However had a record of voting for civil rights in the senate party 30s. FDR picked him as vp for pro civil rights voting record
42
Truman and african Ameicans
First president to adress the naacp
issued an exec order in 48 degseregation armed forces.In 49 comitee released secure these rights an attack on discrimination against aa, offered a ten point plan to bring about change. In 48 gave a pro civil rights speech in congress for calling on this action
43
What where Jim crow laws and segragtion
Legalised discrimination in the south. After american civil war white population bought in laws to seperate the races and treat aas like second class citizens. Reinforced by plessy vs ferguson SEPERATE BUT EQUAL. Laws used to not allow aas to vote impossible literacy tests or high poll taxes
44
AAS in the South
Black schools poorly funded ( George McLaurin got into OSU forced to sit alone outside clasroom)
Legal Justic system and police institutionally racist. Threat of violence huge KKK flourishing and many lynchings
45
Great Migration
1940s 1.4 million blacks moved from south to north further 1.1 in 50s
45
AAs in North
Segragation was not legal although there was defacto segregation especially in housing( growth of ghettos like harlem). ALthough poor better oppurtunities higher paid jobs detroit moter industry. Discrimination evident in legal justice system with blacks getting harsher setences and more willing to use violence against black. Northen ghetto movements as nation of islam was established 1930s calling for black empowerment and inderpendence
46
impact of second world war african americans
3 million conscripted. Returned prepared to fight racism in USA. Many benefited from GI bill of Rights so increase in numbers that went to college. SAw world outside south. In europe were warmly welcomed. When fights broke out between races in britain british being on blacks side. Treament of black servicemen in south horrified truman with some experiencing death
47
Who A Phillip Randolph
. Threatened to Bring washington to a standstill Unless there was equality within armed forces and work place. FDR needed blackworkers so established the FEPC to promote equality in the defense industries 2 million African Ameicans were employed
48
What was Core
Established in 1942 by James farmer ( Congress of Racial Equality) organised sit ins in segragated chicago resturants.
49
What was the Journey of reconciliation
Core activists rode buses across the South as an intergrated group to test if 1946 Morgan v Virginia banning seg on interstat transport was being followed( arrested and Jailed repeadetly)
50
Nantional assosciation for advancemnt of coloured people
NAACP was very succesful in virtually overturning plessy vs ferguson they had 3 important victories at supreme court (Henderson vs Us SeG on railroad cars was illegal)
(Mclaurin vs oklohoma state regents) Black students couldnt be physically seperated from white at the university of okhloma and Sweatt vs painter which allowed entry into white unis( Texas law school) all in 1950
51
How did Truman respond to Civil rights
Repeatedly attempted to pass civil rights legislation through congress but always failed. Even though ignored first time in nearly a century a president had but CR of the legeslative agenda. So he issued executive orders to end discrimination in army. EO 10308 established the cgcc which put pressure on companies with federal contracts to end discrimination
52
What motivated Truman civil rights
Some argued votes but it alienated voters so a asense of his fairness
53
How long was eisenhowers presidency
1952 60
54
How did the American economy change from 1950 to 60
GDP rose from 355 billion in 1950 to 488 billion in 1960
Median family income was around 5500 giving them 30 percent more purchasing power than 1950
between 53-7 cost of living went up by 2 percent but factory wages by 8.6 percent
Inflation and unemployment were low
55
How much did the population increase from 1950 to 60
30 million baby boom encouraged purchase of homes childrens clothes and toys
56
How was construction from 1950 to 60
11 million homes built in suburb consumer boom. Acredited to phemonem of white flight. Levitt town homes as they where called where very poular. Cost 8000 pounds all identical blacks were excluded
57
What about car industry
7.9 million cars manufactured each year. Increased employment as there were more service workers no for things like motels
58
What happened with tvs in 50s
They where a must have everybody had one advertising spending rose from 5.7 billion in 1550 to 12 billion in 1560
59
How was the 1950s to 60 described as
Golden age
60
When where the two recessions ( eisenhower)
1954 fairly minor, 1957 due to Eisenhower balancing the budget led to 5 million people being unemployed
61
What was it not a golden age for all
Not all shared in boom
A lot of Manual labourers lost jobs due to increased mechinistation
A lot of women lost there jobs to men returning from war felt trapped in surban life
62
Mcdonalds during eisenhower
By 1961 228 mcdonalds across the US Kroc focused on suburban locations. Kroc bought it from brothers for 2.7 million dollar. Example of American dream
63
Positives of Consumer society
For many life improved cheap consumer goods affordable good housing and majority of worlds taxes. inflation tax and unemployment low
64
Negatives of consumer society
Divisions between rich and poor grew increased inequality. Racial divisions also very evident. All advertising led to conformity, which can be seen to trigger counter culture in 1960s
65
Eisenhower Personality and Background
Raised in Kansas
Trained at west point5 star General in WW2, Supreme commander of Allies in Europe and then of Nato. Late comer to politics never voted untill 48. Very Popular( well liked) War hero, Great with pub relations in WW2.
66
Eisenhower aims
Favoured states rights over federal activism. Aimed to balance federal budget trumans budget had a 14 billion defecit. Focused on foreign policy, the possiblty of isolationism made him run disagreed with that
67
How did eisenhower win 1952 election in the republican party
Defeated taft by appealing to the old guard with nixon as his vp he was very anti com but also his relative liberalsim on domestic policy mad him acceptable to moderates. Was a good foil to eisenhower
68
How did eisenhower appeal to voters
Conservative voters liked his oppostion to federal budget defecits, high taxes goverment buceracy. They liked his stance on states rights. He was a war hero
He criticised truman losing china blaming him for starting korean war and promised to end it He also criticised containment and looked foward to eastern europe regaining independence
69
What elections did eisenhower win
1552 and 1556 1552 won over adlai stevensons 45 percent.
70
What was dynamic conservatism
Eisenhowers policy Liberal when it came to people conservative when it comes to money
71
How was he conservative when it came to money
Horrified that defence spending had risen by 300 percent during trumans last 30 months. Wanted to control defence spending to balance the budget. No security without sound economy. Although he was pushed to spend more on defence than he wanted which people still didnt think was enoug. The cuts antagonised both parties. Especially when soviets took the lead in space race
72
How was he liberal when it came to people
Increased social security benefits and added 10 million to its coverage in 54. Rasised minimum wage from 75 to 1 gave federal aid for education and established interstate highway system
73
Education Eisenhower
Believed it was more important than defence. Congress rejected his proposals to finance school construction in poorer states. 1958 Nation defence education act after sputnik. low cost loans to student and Federal funds
74
Eisenhower employment
As he refused to overspend little inflation or unemployment. Interstate highway employed millions
75
Interstate high way
a massive highway building program funded by the federal goverment. Argued good roads were important for national defence . Created employment and economic growth that had been lost due to end of korean war and decreas in dfence spending
76
What over policies of dynamic conservatism
introduced HEW, spent 500 million on low income housing and in 1956 500000 acres added to national park system
77
Republican party
Deeply divided between the conservatives and the moderates. Old gurad conservatives. Eisenhower Moderatove. Relations tens. Old guard never convinced eisenhower one of them. After tafts death became even more difficult. Lost congress in 54 Eisenhower much more popular than party
lost 58 midterms due to 58 depression
78
Eisenhower republicans and For pol
Accused Taft bof playing politics when voted against Nato saying they where intrested in cuttin truman presidency down to size. Old guard opposed foreign aid and Nato were asia firsters, contrasting with eisenhower.When Eisenhower pushed to improve Sino american relations appauled he brought Kruschev to Us
79
Eisenhower republicans and Dom pol
Gained more support from democrats than own party. They disagreed on his tax cuts wanted higher ones. Were dissapointed he didnt dismantle the new deal. They accused him of being to lax on investigating communist in gov. Mccarthy raised the biggest problem that republicans and dom pol posed for eisenhower
80
Eisenhower Mccarthy
he disliked and disapproved of him. Althoug he still had considerable support from americans and republicans in 54. Eisen didnt want to destroy repub part and needed his support in senate. Believed Mccathy would destroy him
81
Mccarthy downfall
Final straw Army-Mccarthy hearings 54 Televised. Investigating what he beleived was com subversies in new jersey army bases. When eisenhower refused access to personal and records. Mccarthy persuaded hearings without evidence. he appeared drunk and lost public support. Poll rating slumped in 55 and senate finally censured him
82
What damage do mccarthy do for eisenhower
Made it difficult to cool cold war tensions
Damaged the repub party
endangered principle of free speech
Unfairly inflicted misery on 10000 of innocent americans
83
Eisenhower for Pol
Priorities Foreign policy and defence policy
Western europe must not go communist
Middle east has half world oil so soviets shouldnt be allowed to control it
Southeast asia was critical so french must be supported in vietnam. America must stay strong but not spend too much on defense
84
New look
Mor Bang for your buck less conventional more nuclear power dulles ( sec of state) said Us would use massive retaliotary power to halt agression. Brinkmanship was criticised as it wasn't flexible
85
Was there a missle gap in eisenhowers presidency
Some claimed USSR had a missile gap over america however were completely wrong
86
When was sputnik launched
OCT 1957 caused a degree of psnic in us
87
What did the development of ICBMS cause
Increased tensions
88
When was Nasa created
1957 after sputnik
89
When did Kruschev visit usa sep 59
sep 59
90
What happened U2 spy plane
USSR shot down american u2 SPLY PLANE 1960 pilot was then imprisoned us claimed weather forecast clear lie. Kruschev believed dulles was behind. Powers confessed to spying
91
When was Seato established
1954
92
When was CEnto created
1955
93
Eygpt Suez crisis
1956 Nasser leader of eygpt nationalized the suez canal. Britain and Fr rached am agreemen with Iran to attack eygpt. Eisenhower forced to make them withdraw in a stance against imoerialism
94
AAS in North (eisenhower)
Still De facto segregation 4 aas in house but none in senate
95
MOntgomery bus boy cot
Seen as start of civil rights movement december 1955 rosa parks arrested for refusing to stand. NAACP organised boycott of buses led by MLK lasted almost a year. Led to MOntgomery being desegragated. Had cut of 80 percent of bus companies revenue
96
Democrat Stance in civil rights
Apart from the south increasingly liberal, needed the vote and basic human decency south was also very poor for these reasons. Party was changing but links back to its past in cr were not gone
97
When and how important was brown vs board of education
Kansas supreme court adjudged that even if facilities were equal never where, seperate education was harmful to black students 1954
98
How effective was the brown ruling
Although it ended all constitutional sanction for seg it gave no date and didn't mention defacto segregation. After Brown 2 55 70 percent of school districts on border states desegregated but real deep south states didn't with some closing instead of desegregating
99
What happened with student sit ins
IN 1960 four Black college students refused to leave all white caf. Over black students took up their places over upcoming days forcing caf shut. Incident led to involving 70000 students who stayed peacful but faced violence
100
Republican Party on CR
52 and 56 proclaimed a commitment to racial equality, however dislike for fed intervention. Leaves states to sort out issues themselves. Were very conservative on CR eisenhower showed little enthusiasm had grown up in south
101
!957 Civil right bill what was it and what happened
Gave voting rights to Blacks in south. Inspired by a desire to win the Black vote in 56. Diciecrats weakened bill eisenhower didnt fight to help it. Ony 3 percents of blacks gained vote
102
1960 civil rights bill
Dixiecrats watered down again inspired by wanting to win black vote. Made obstruction of court odered desegration of school a federal crime and established penalties for obstruction of black voting
103
When was emmett till killed and eisenhowers response
1955 Eisenhower failed to speak out
104
What happened in Little rock arkansas 1957
9 black students were first to attend central highschool. Gov orbal forbus called for demonstrations and national guard who turned them away which was caught on t . Eisenhower acted by federalising national guard and sent in 101st airbone to protect the student who still faced horrible conditions. Eisenhower did this due to coldwar context and couldnt be undermined not sue to him supporting civil rights
105
How long was kennedys presidency
1950 53
106
How close was kennedy 1960 presidential race
Kennedy 49.72 percent
Nixon 49.55
107
What were the differences between kennedy and Nixon
Kennedy was taller and better looking suited tv debates whilst nixon was a more experienced crafty politician however looked ill. Kennedy was a ware hero saving crew compared to nixons desk role. He wonthe popular vote and electoral college but wo less states.
108
Why did kennedy win
Attacked republicans record on defence pushing idea of missile gap. Eisenhower didnt back nixon as he didnt want to provoke krusche this damaged nixons campaign. Kennedy also one the black vote due to securing kings release after atlanta sit ins
109
Personality of kennedy administration
LBJ was his VP had a lot of experience been around block.
Mcgeorge Bundy- National security advisor
Dean rusk-SEc of state clashed with ken who favoured mcnamara interventionst
Bobby Kennedy- Attorney General accused of underqualified and due to nepotism played key role in CR
Mcnamara- Played key role in For pol- Interventionist
110
What was Kennedys policy
New FRonteir
111
What was New frontier
1960 equivelant of new deal. Wide ranging plan to tackle unsolved problems like ignorance and prejuduce, peace and war, also uncharted areas like space and science. Aimed to tackle poverty and surplus. He called for courage and imagination
112
When and what was redevelopment act
1961 394 million put into poorer states created 26000 jobs,
113
when was housing act what happened
1961 granted 5 billion for extension of urban renewal and public housing, with low intrest loans for middle economy families. Created 420000 construction jobs
114
What did minimum wage act do
Raise it from 1 to 1.25
115
Mand power and development training act
1962 addresed unemployment through training. Had little impact on Big picture
116
What happened to social security during Kennedy
Increased by 20 percent
Social security act of 1963 led to mass vaccination of children
117
What did kennedy do for welfare and health
School Lunch act free school meals for poor school children. Food stamps fed 250000 people. Medicare gave universal health care to elderly and Federal retirement benefits linked to consumer price index
118
What Education acts did kennedy pass
Education TV facilities act 1962
Vocational education act 1963.
Financial aid in 1961 was rejected by congress
119
Kennedy administration Civil rights Bill
Civil rights bill 1963 got stuck in congress passed by Johnson. Committe on equal employment oppurtunity was created. Desegragation of inter state travel, prohibitation of discrimination in public housing
120
Kennedy and congress
Congress passed 35 of 58 of his bills
121
Kennedy and crises Over Berlin
58 Kruschev threatened to cut west berlin off eisenhower didnt respond and crisis adverted he was concerned about Germans fleeing to west which was bad for com propoganda. When they met i 61 kruschev saw him as weak and beleived that he was weak. In Aug 1961 wall put up to stop east berliners escaping. Seen as a triump for westerners as soviets had suffered in propoganda
122
Problems f castro Cuba
Fidel castro seized power in jan 59 deposing the dictator Batista. Communist developed close ties with USSR
123
When and what was bay of pigs
April 1961 Execution plan by kennedy 1600 exiles landed Bay of pigs inadeqquate Us support. majority of exiles were capture. Catro had been fore warned. Kruschev saw mor evidence that kennedy was weak. Humiliation for kennedy
124
Cuban Missile Crisis
Seen as closest thing to nuclear war. August 1962 Soviet nuke missles and technicians arrived in Cuba. Kennedy heard rumors in Sep. U2 spy plane spotted them where they could hit major american cities. In october excomm opted for a naval blockade that would stop soviet shipment to cuba
125
What was kennedys response to cbmc
October 22 told Americans announced a quarantine of cuba. Kruschev removed the missiles if knnedy halted Blockade promised not to invade Cuba. Secretly agreed to remove american missiles from Turkey
126
Significance of cbmc
Led to Partial Nuclear test ban treaty in 1963. Kruschev and soviets were embarassed fell from power in 64 kennedy seen as victor
127
What did kennedy believe to be new cold war arena
Third world countries
128
Kennedy for pol vietnam
Didnt want to be accused of domino effect and losing vietnam. Was urged to increase involvement by mcnamara and rusk sec of defence and sec of state
129
How did Kennedy increase involvement
Increased number of american advisors assisting diem 1000 to 17000. They grew increasingly frustrated as he rejected advice and mistreated buddhist with some burning themselves. Created a plot to overthow DIEM increasing involvement refused to send in ground troops as new only vietnamese themselves could defeat communists
130
What was rise of civil rights movement kennedy
Sit ins in 60 61 confirmed black activism. Focused on direct action rather than litigation. Freedom ride 1961 set up core small intergrated group travelled on interstate buses to test morgan and virginia 1946. Buses were attacked by racists. BObby kennedy responded with efforts to enfore supreme court ruling
131
What happened in Birmingham
Led by king and his sclc. Organised peacful protests in birmingham knowing public saftey commisioner bull connor would lash out violently and gain publicity for CR. Worked Souther evils exposed to world
132
March on washington
April 1963 organised by A philliph randolph used to encourage passage of kennedys civil rights bill. Kings i have a dream speech the highlight led to eventual pAassing of civil rights in 1964
133
What happened to kennedys civil tights bill
Congress blocked it in 63
134
What was americas status in 1963
Worlds most powerful nation
135
How was america stronger than the soviets in 1963
Missile gap and stronger navy had surrounded them with peace treaties NATO and SEATO
136
Kennedys successes in the unsolved problem of Peace and War
signed first peace treatu that attempted to slow down nuclear arms race. Established peace corps in 1961. Improved Nations image show commitmenmt to development and peace
137
When did america land first man onm moon
1969
138
Economic prosperity during kennedy presidency
America remained worlds richest nation. GDP rose by 20, industrial production 22 and personal income by 15. Boom of 45 to 57 over. American were concerened about 1.2 percent inflaton and 6 percent unemployment
139
When was emergence of women
Women activism grew dramatically in 1960s due to Beey friedan and protest movements. Increased women worked since ww2 but in 63 were still facin income equality. Most veducated females were nurses or teachers. 80 percent of teachers 10 percent of principals. Betty friedan in 1963 bought about the dissatosfaction of many middle class women in their roles as houswives and wanted them to fuffill potential through education and work.
140
What happened with sds and new left
In 1960 sds created . They were inspired by socialist the beat generation and student participation in civil rights movement . Called for a new left of young people to awake ameicans from national apathy and improve american society
141
When was Kennedy assasinated
Nov 1963
142
How long wa Johnsons presideny
1963 1968
143
What was Johnsons main focus
Foreign policy but vietnam war consumed him and made him one of the most unpopular presidents
144
Lyndon Johnson before presidency
Teacher before his presidential career in a seg school. Detirmined to improve the poor and balcks. tall guy intimidating. He was a congresmann from 1937 and senator from 48 helping ike pass cr bill
145
Kennedy legacy how did Johnson use it
Hwe used the feeling of sorrow for kennedy to pass the civil rights bill and anti poverty legeslation he used high emotive things bringing up kennedys name. Partly contributed to him being elected in 1964
146
What was Johnsons version of the american dream called
The grest sociry
147
What was Great society characterised by
Racial equality end of pv educational reform, modern housing end of urban decay peace with other nations.. Was welcomed with optimism a postiveness earned a 75 percent approval
148
War on Pov
Jan 1964 promised unconditional war on poverty.Passed economic oppurtunity act
149
War on Pov Education
Education funding was doubled to 8 billion and money was iven to poorest states and and poorest children. Elementary and secondary school act of 195 Higher education act of 1965. 13 million Childeren benefited from fedral aid in education. High school diploma percentages rised. 25 percent of college students recieved federal aid
149
What was the progress of war on poverty
44 STates had anti poverty programme
25000 families on welfare
35000 adults learning to read and writes. Medicare and Medicaid establishes in 1965 19 million benefited. 17 million in rural loans distributed to aid developments
150
Poverty and Urban problrms
Ghettos continued to be a problem and was discontent. Key issue was that of poor housing. Whites opposed to be intergrated housing and issues funding regeneration. Hud act 1965 created programmes to combat housing shortages and decay . Demonstrations housing act 1966 underfunded and was spread too far 6 model cities became 150.
151
Fair housing act
1968 ended discrimination bill largely failed
152
Was war on poverty a success
poverty fell from 17 percent to 11 minimum wage rose by 35 cents
fed expenditure on poor rose from 13 to 20 billion 3.9 unemployment was vey low. However even though statistics looked good. Failed to eradicte poverty he had promised too much
153
Economic developments during Johnson presidency positive
Carried out Kennedy's proposed tax cuts this stimulated the economy economic growth increased the money available to Johnson by around 4 5 billion. Unemployment was low 1.4 % and Gdp grew by an average of 4 percent. National debt fell significantly.
154
Economic developments during Johnson presidency negative
GDP peformance in first 1/4 of 67 was worst since 60 recession. High cost of living was becoming a problem with inflation picking up through Johnson presidency. Federal Budget defecit in 68 was 20 million. the 67 trade defecit of 4 billion was made up by america sending gold abroad led to a run on the dollar it was greatly weakened
155
Did Johnson want to escalate war in Vietnam
Initial instinct no wanted to avoid sending troops believed increased intervention would be unpopular. he campaigned on peace platform in 1964
156
How did kennedy affect Johnsons escalation of vietnam
Felt bound to continue the policies of kennedy, restricting his option. There involvement in assasinating diem and Johnsons commitment to follow kennedy policy to avoid the loss of Vietnam tied him to continued involvement
157
Who where Johnsons key advisors for Vietnam
Mcnamara sec of defence
Dean rusk sec of state
mcgeorge bundy NSA this was a continuity
Appointment of genral Westmoreland to command Military operations significant in the move towards escalation
158
What caused the escalation in Vietnam
Tonkin Incident- Aug 1964 a US ship was attacked in North vietmanese waters. Congress passed Gulf of Tonkin giving Johnson ability to take all neccessary steps to help south vitmanese. Johnsons approval ratings shot up and escalation took place. Some claimed he manipulated congress and was already planning escalation
159
Working Group
set up to asses situation in vietnam and suggest policy going foward. Said that and independent anticommunist Sv was vital to america. They also talked about domino theory and american prstiege
160
Rolling Thunder
First escalatory step in 1965. After that attack on american camp pleiku in feb Johnson ordered rulling thunder aiming to secure us position in SV decrease communist infiltration from NV
demoralise NV Gov
encourage SV Gov
over 3 years around 860000 bombs dropped on NV. Didnt cause the disruption that was hoped didnt demoralise but provided them great propoganda.
Johnson didnt declare out of fear would cause congress to cut funding for great society.
161
Ground Troops Vietnam
1965 Westmoreland wanted Greater protection for Us bomber bases at Danang. April 65 Johnson reasons for escaltion NV was a puppet of communism would to control all of asia. Eisenhowe and Kennedy had built and defended Sv. Turning back would lose america prestiege. US needed to fight if it wanted to live securely in a free world. NV had agressively attacked SV and should be opposed.
70 percent of nation was behind Johnson
162
How many troops were sent in during Johnson presidency
March 1965 3500 troops
December 1965 200000
December 1966 400000
December 1967 500000
However they where no nearer to victory
163
Tet offensive
North Vietnsmese launched a large offensive early in 1968 during tet festival trasitional time of holiday truce. They took control of US embassy in saigon(6hours). took week for 11000 sv and us troops to clear Hue of enemy. Around 4000 americans killed, 5000 vietnamese soldiers. 14000 vietnamese civs and 60000 communist soldiers. Event led to US public turning against war as they had been misled into thinking they were winning while media showed NVs overrunning SV capital clear Us werent winning. Johnson didnt stand for election in 1968
164
When did Mcnamara resign and who replaced him
1967 was replaced by clark clifford who doubted domino theory and wisdom of us involvement. Tet showed them what they already knew needed to get out
165
What happened at same time as tet offensive.
Siege of Khe sahn base on the nv border was sieged in late 1967. Was 75 days never lost but had to keep it a secret. Westmoreland suggested an nuclear strike and was replaced
166
Relations between Us and western allies ( Johnson presidency)
Relations soured with Britain Wilson didnt speak out but had strong reservations clearly. Charles de Galle french leader dennounced Us policy in vietnam calling it an unjust detestable war. Had warned Kennedy. Vietnam had damaged Us standings with western allies. Seato weakness shown very few troops contributed to vietnam
167
Charles de Gaulle
seen as a problem in dec 63 but not a major one. took adavntage of american preocupation to seize western europe. Promoting influence of france and undermining that of Us withdrew from nato in 66
mid 60s demanded that Us treasurey redeem seven million dollars in gold setting of speculation of dollar
168
What was Johnsons role in passing the civil rights legeslation
March on washington put on this pressure to pass legeslation. Kennedy had one over republican minority leader before his death. Democrat Hubert Humphrey worked hard on the bill. Johnson used kennedys death to appeal to people winning over southerners as he told them it would get blacks working. By jan 64 68 percent of Americans favoured it
169
When was Johnsons Civil rights Act passed and what was contents
1964 gave federal gov legal tools to en de jure seg in south. Prohibited discrimination in public futhered school desegragation and equal employment commisions
170
Reactions to 1964 civil rights Act
Blacks felt it had not gone far enough most still suffered from pov and discrimination. Riots in ghettos and east coast cities followed. act did little to facilitate black voting
171
What were events in Selma
Due to Civil rights bill not doing enough nithing to help voting rights. King new that Selma serrif Jim Clark could be trusted to act like bull connor. So led voters to Selma county courthouse to reguster and violence and arrests that the blacks reieved was nationally publicised. This didnt budge them enough so a March from Selma to montgomarry was arranged . On what was christined blood sunday state troopers attacked marchers with clubs and used tear gas this was enough publicity to get the 1965 voting rights act passed as it was bad for propoganda with the communist emphasising selma
172
Result of the voting rights act and civil rights legeslation on south
1966 Only four deep south states had fewer than 50 percent of there eligible black voters registered and by 68 was even 59 percent in missipi. By 1980 just 7% less than whites by 1980 300 black officials in missipi
173
Limitations of Johnson role in passing CR legislatiojn
Congress, Local Officials, Urban riots black power and the white backlash, Vietnam war and rising Taxes, Johnsons open housung law FHA hard to police
174
1968 civil rights act
Discrimination in sale and rental of house Johnson did more then any other president
175
For radicilisation of aas read textbook pg 168 onwards
Due to Ghetto problems and poverty
176
Social divisons and movements read book again and watch alan history nerd.
177
How long was Nixons presidency
1968 74
178
State of the democrat party prior to Nixons Presidency
Late 67 Dem liberals brought a candidate to challenge JOhnson for dem nomination. Bobby kennedy had turned publicy against the ietnam war in 65
179
Who Challenged Johnson in 68 and how did they differ
Eugene Mccarthy, Bobby kennedy who appealed more to the poor while mccarthy appealed to middle class. Was soon Presented as a stronger candidate than mccarthy
180
When and who assasinated Bobby kennedy
1968 by a palestinian who claimed he was too pro israel
181
What happened in the Dem national conention in 1968 Chicago
Huge anti war protests fights between protestors and police. Humphrey won the dem nomination. Which infuriated many democrats.
182
How did the convention win NIxon the presidency
Riots in Chicago was a reminder of the violence that had occured on Johnsons watch. And turned them to republican law and order candidate nixon
183
Main reasons Nixon won the presidency
Eiosenhower association, moderation, party loyalty, southern strategy and most importantly appwal to middle america
184
How did he win the republican nomination
Fundraisng and campaigning, Old guard liked him being extremely anti comm, moderate and liberals found his take on domestic policies acceptable
185
Nixons promises
Bring peace and order with vietnam
Law and order
Less and cheaper goverment
186
