tudors Flashcards
what did h7’s reign bring?
peace and economic stability to England after the War of the Roses 1455-1487, despite his tenuous claim to the throne through the Beaufort line.
who did h7 defeat and how did he consolidate this?
He defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth on the 22nd August 1485, but dated his reign on the 21st so anyone who fought on the Yorkists would be considered a traitor. He gave 11 knighthoods to key supporters. William Stanley made Lord Chamberlain.
when did h7 arrange his coronation?
arranged his coronation (30th October) before parliament met, so his claim to the throne was based on hereditary right rather than sanction of parliament.
who did h7 detain to consolidate the tudor dynasty?
Detained those with a greater claim to the throne than him, such as Elizabeth of York and Earl of Warwick. Married Elizabeth of York in 1486- joining the Yorkist and Lancastrian houses together, establishing the Tudor rose and consolidating the Tudor dynasty with the birth of Prince Arthur.
h7 acts of attainder
Acts of Attainder seized the wealth of nobles with private armies- he used these to seize the land and wealth of Yorkists who fought at Bosworth. Also increased crown solvency.
lovell and stafford rebellion
a small uprising in 1486, but there was little enthusiasm for the cause and was easily crushed- aimed to restore the Yorkist monarchy.
lambert simnel
claimed to be Earl of Warwick in 1487 and received support from Margaret of Burgundy and John De la Pole. Henry VII won the battle of stokefield against him- showing success in preventing rebellions- and allowed him to live out his life in the royal kitchens.
perkin warbeck
was an impostor of the Duke of York from 1491-99 and had backing from France and James IV of Scotland (married a Scottish heiress). He joined with William Stanley (executed 1498) which showed Henry not even his own family could be trusted.
how was the issue of warbeck resolved?
Anglo-Scottish relations had improved to the point that James IV agreed to no longer support Warbeck.
treaty of perpetual peace
a truce in 1502 between England and Scotland, where James IV married Henry’s daughter Margaret.
yorkshire rebellion
caused by resentment towards Henry’s attempt to raise taxes in 1489 to defend Brittany (anger due to poor harvest), but the rebellion did not spread. Rebels received a royal pardon, and no more taxes were collected.
cornish rebellion
when the Cornish refused to fund a campaign against James IV and Warbeck in Scotland in 1497, and 15,000 marched into Blackheath. Easily put down and the ringleaders were executed but it was a severe threat through highlighting Henry’s weak defence.
how was h7 government split?
Split into central, local, and regional.
Privy Council was the most influential part of government, as they were all chosen by the King to run the country.
The King’s Council was at the centre of government, as Henry relied on 6/7 members out of 200 men.
why was h7 parliament used so little?
Parliament was used so little because Henry VII didn’t want to strain the loyalty of his subjects, so he mostly used it for extraordinary revenue. Called only 7 times.
Star Chamber was unimportant and developed much more under Wolsey.
Great Council held 5 times.
council learned
corrupt tax collection committee led by Bray, then Empson and Dudley. They manipulated the system for their own needs and created fear, frustration, and anger- not a recognised court of law.
what was h7 foreign policy like?
Defensive foreign policy. Particularly after death of Elizabeth of York 1503.
h7 foreign policy aims
Aimed to maintain defence and good relations, establish national security, defend trade, and safeguard border with Scotland.
treaty of ayton
England had been at war with Scotland since 1328, and the Treaty of Ayton 1497 kept peace to avoid military spending.
treaty of etaples
Treaty of Etaples 1492 had France pay England a loan of £5,000 per annum to keep out troops during the Breton Crisis. Charles VIII also agreed to no longer support English rebels, such as Warbeck or the De la Poles. Paid £159,000 altogether.
treaty of redon
Treaty of Redon 1489 between England and Brittany.
intercursus magnus
Intercursus Magnus 1496 was a lift on the trade ban with Burgundy after they agreed to no longer support Warbeck.
treaty of perpetual peace
a marriage alliance between James IV and Margaret Tudor in 1502.
medina del campo
a treaty between England and Spain regarding suspicions over France and agreed on the marriage between Arthur and Catherine. This was initially successful, but disaster struck in 1502 when Arthur died a year into their marriage.
how was h7 foreign policy successful?
Successful due to reducing help of rebels, maintaining security, and creating dynastic marriages.
how was h7 foreign policy a failure?
Henry VII was unable to expand English territory due to limited financial budget.
who dominated land ownership under h7?
Nobility dominated land ownership- Henry didn’t trust them.
He gave more power to lawyers and educated people as he wanted jobs done efficiently.
A position in King’s Council showed his confidence and emphasised loyalty to trusted servants.
Living conditions seemed to be improving in the 15th century.
h7 bonds and recognisances
made 36/62 noble families pay money to the crown if obligations were not met.
Marquis of Dorset paid £10,000 in bonds in 1491.
h7 crown lands
worth £12,000 at the start of his reign- £42,000 by 1509.
how many acts of attainder were passed under h7?
136 Acts of Attainder which brought about economic and social ruin- reversed 46 of these by good behaviour.
h7 order of the garter
a significant honour for the King’s closest servants. Created 37 of these, who had prestige but not power or land- Earl of Oxford and Reginald Bray.
h7 patronage
gave nobles positions of power as a result of good service but were not bestowed lightly. Awarded these to loyal supporters at Bosworth- Thomas Stanley- or from good service- Reginald Bray.
how was h8 seen at the start of his reign?
Welcomed as King after his ‘miser’ father and seen as a breath of fresh air. His father was the first king to leave the crown solvent since Henry II, so Henry received £300,000 upon his succession and £2 million in treasury.
how long did h8 have to prepare before becoming king?
7 years. Married CoA in 1509. His reign emphasises pageants, revelry, and sports.
h8 aims
Aimed to establish status among European monarchs, re-establish nobility and become a warrior king through success in battle.
when did h8 execute empson and dudley?
the day after he became king.
h8 bad harvests
Bad harvests in 1520-21 and 1527-29 led to significant increases in food prices.
what government did h8 inherit?
Inherited his father’s council who he often disagreed with, which lasted until 1514.
Executed Edmund De la Pole in 1514, sending a clear message about how threats to the throne would be dealt with.
Used gestures of goodwill such as cancelling some of his father’s bonds.
when was wolsey chief minister?
Wolsey was Chief Minister 1514-1529 and was seen as England’s most gifted administrator for over 300 years. The son of a butcher and was often called an ‘alter rex’.
wolsey’s subsidy
His subsidy was a more realistic tax based on wealth and replaced fifteenths and tenths.
wolsey’s enclosures
264 enclosures stirred up hatred from landowners.
star chamber
Wolsey increased the importance of Star Chamber- dispensed cheap and impartial justice, rooted out corruption and challenged the power of the nobility.
court of chancery
dealt with property and wills and established a permanent judicial committee for the poor. Huge in demand, meaning that cases were often poorly dealt with.
act of resumption
1515 returned some of the lands to the crown which increased revenue.
amicable grant
was a minor rebellion caused by taxation in 1525
eltham ordinance
was the failed reform of the court. Wolsey used this to ensure his political supremacy by reducing the influence of certain people such as Henry’s Groom of the Stool.
how much did wolsey raise?
Raised £322,000 in subsidies, £240,000 in clerical taxation and £260,000 in forced loans. But expenditure was £1.7 million.
reformation parliament
in 1529 to deal with the King’s Great Matter.
when was cromwell chief minister?
Cromwell was Chief Minister between 1530-40 but did not enjoy the same latitude as Wolsey.
cromwell’s revolution in government
Achieved a revolution in government- it became more independent and bureaucratic and created different departments. Reduced the Privy Council to 20 key individuals.
act of supremacy
1534 declared Henry VIII ‘Supreme Head of the English Church’ and removed authority of the Pope away from England. Made England a Sovereign State, free from external powers.
act of succession 1534
declared Henry VIII and COA’s marriage illegal, and restricted Mary’s succession.
act of succession 1536
bastardised Mary and Elizabeth.
act of succession 1543
returned Mary and Elizabeth behind Edward.
court of augmentations
1536 established to deal with the income from the Act of the Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries 1536. Increased crown income from £150,000 to £300,000.
act of union
1536 incorporated Wales into English legal and administrative system.
when did authority of the council of the north increase?
after the Pilgrimage of Grace 1536.
when was the treaty of etaples renewed?
1510
when did h8 join the holy league?
Joined The Holy League with Spain, Venice and HRE in 1511 against Louis XII.
when did h8 run out of money?
1514
treaty of noyon
1516 ended fighting between Spain and France which showed England was diplomatically isolated.
treaty of london
1518 was a non-aggression pact between 20 major European nations that binded them together in peace. England was no longer in diplomatic isolation.
field of the cloth of gold
1520 was a summit meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I to improve relations and display their wealth- cost £15,000.
treaty of bruges
1521 was an alliance between Spain and England and planned for Charles V to marry Mary Tudor.
amicable grant
1525 was a taxation for war which led to a minor rebellion. Unable to raise enough finances- meant he was unable to take advantage of the Spanish victory in Battle of Pavia 1525.
how much money had england spent on war with france by 1525?
£460,000
what did h8 not join in 1526?
the league of cognac
treaty of amiens
1527 negotiated peace between England and France by protecting the privileges of English merchants who traded in France.
what did the fall of wolsey 1529 and break with rome 1533 mean?
Failure to solve the Great Matter with Campeggio meant England remained a minor power within Europe.
when did thomas more become lord chancellor?
- Executed in 1535.
what did the deaths of CoA and AB mean?
1536 meant Henry VIII could make an alliance with Charles V, but this was short lived as Spain and France had earlier signed the Treaty of Cambrai 1529. This left England isolated and potentially vulnerable to a religious crusade.
what did the habsburg-valois wars mean for england?
meant Spain and France were preoccupied. Pope attempted to ignite an anti-English crusade.
treaty of greenwich
1543 was an agreement between England and Scotland that guaranteed their independence and separate styles of government. Betrothed Edward VI to Mary Queen of Scots.
wars against the auld alliance 1542-45
cost England £2,000,000 and led to many later economic problems. English victory at the Battle of Solway Moss 1542. Returned to an aggressive foreign policy.
h8 humansim
Growing number of schools influenced by humanist approaches to education. Had gained a lasting hold on the university curriculum.
Religious culture influenced by humanism.
h8 corrupt church
took money unnecessarily and rumours of anti-clericalism and clerical misconduct, such as the murder of Richard Hunne 1514 and turning into big businesses, along with Wolsey’s pluralism.
why were the monasteries dissolved?
rumours that monks and nuns did not follow vows of chastity, Thomas Cromwell disliked monasteries and Henry needed money to maintain his lavish lifestyle. Monasteries were already being reviewed by Valor Ecclesiasticus over concerns of anti-clericalism.
who was executed in 1535 for opposing religious change?
bishop fisher and thomas more
what began the reformation?
Began the Reformation through his eagerness for a divorce. Period of 1533-39 described as the ‘Seizure of the Church’. However, there were no changes to chantry services which shows that Henry VIII remained Catholic as Protestants believed in double predestination.
how many monasteries closed?
376 monasteries closed.
Act of the Dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries 1536 and Larger Monasteries in 1539 raised around £200,000 and earned Henry an extra £140,000 per annum between 1536-47.
Transferred resources from church to crown and affected individual experience of worship and religion community.
what happened to poverty and unemployment after the monasteries closed?
increased, as they provided hospice and charity
act of ten articles
1536 established some Protestant features into Henry’s Church, such as limiting the sacraments to Baptism, Penance, and the Eucharist which all had ambiguous definitions.
royal injunctions 1538
required every Parish church to possess an English bible.
