Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory Anatomy & Disease Mechanisms > Tuberculosis (DISEASE MECHANISMS) > Flashcards

Tuberculosis (DISEASE MECHANISMS) Flashcards

1
Q

Upon exposure with T the pathogens are engulfed within ____ where they replicate

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

TB pathogens are kept in ‘prisons’ called

A

granulomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

After infection _% remain well
50% __ _ ______
_% have lifetime risk of disease of which _% _______ and _% _____________

A 
90%
clear TB spontaneously 
10
5% primary TB
5% reactivation of latent disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The symptoms of TB are _______ and have a _____ onset

A

subacute

gradual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the general symptoms of TB?

A

Malaise
Weight loss
Night sweats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the respiratory symptoms of TB?

A

Cough
Haemoptysis
Breathlessness
Upper zone crackles on asucultation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the meningeal symptoms of TB?

A

Headaches
Drowsy
Fits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the GI symptoms of TB

A

Pain
Bower obstruction
Perforation
Peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the symptoms of spinal TB?

A

Pain
Deformity
Paraplegia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

Impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can TB in the lymph nodes be detected?

A

Lymphodenopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

TB can present as a cold abscess - what is a cold abscess?

A

Collection of pus without pain or acute inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the pericardial symptoms of TB?

A

Tamponade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the real symptoms of TB?

A

Renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can TB in the joints present?

A

Septic arthritis - cold mono arthritis or large joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can TB in the adrenal present?

A

Hypoadrenalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can TB be diagnosed using histology?

A

Multinucleate giant cell granulomas
Caseous necrosis
Sometimes visible mycobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What would be noticeable on a CXR of a patient with TB?

A 
Upper lobe predominance
Cavity formation
Tissue destruction
Scarring and shrinkage
Heals with calcification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is TB treated?

A

2 months of Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrozinamide and Ethambutol

4 months of Rifampicin and Isoniazid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the side effect of Rifampicin?

A

Colours urine and all bodily fluids orange
Potent inducer of cytochrome enzymes causing rapid breakdown of all steroid molecules (inc. hormonal contraception) and opiate analgesics and many other drugs

21
Q

What are the side effects of ethambutol?

A

Can cause optic neuritis

22
Q

What are the different types of drug resistance?

A

Single resistance
Multi-drug resistance
Extensive resistance

23
Q

Which TB drug shows single resistance?

A

Isoniazid

24
Q

Which TB drugs show MDR?

A

Rifampicin

Isoniazid

25
Q

Which TB drugs show extensive drug resistance?

A

MDR
Quinolone
Injectables

26
Q

A patient with latent TB infection would present …

A

asymptomatic

negative culture

27
Q

What is the criteria for latent TB?

A

No evidence of active TB

Evidence of previous TB infection (history before 1960 / calcification on CXR / Exposure to high prevalence areas)

28
Q

What are the two tests to determine if someone has had previous TB exposure?

A

Interferon Gamma Release Assay blood test

Mantoux tuberculin skin test

29
Q

How does the Interferon gamma release assay test work?

A

Assays look for interferon gamma specific to antigens found only in M. tuberculosis

30
Q

What are the advantages of the interferon gamma release assay test?

A

High specificity
Only requires 1 visit
Doesn’t react with BCG

31
Q

How does the mantoux tuberculin skin test work?

A

Tuberculin is a protein derived from mycobacteria culture - detects any previous TB exposure

32
Q

What are the disadvantages of the mantoux tuberculin skin test compared to interferon gamma release assay?

A

Requires 2 visits
Lots of false positives and negatives
Cannot distinguish BCG

33
Q

How can latent TB be treated?

A

6 months of isoniazid or 3 months of rifampicin + isoniazid

34
Q

Which drug must NOT be given to a patient with latent TB?

A

Anti-TNF

35
Q

Is it an option to simply not treat latent TB?

A

Yes

36
Q

How can TB be prevented?

A 
Contact tracing 
Isolation of infected
Screening (of high risk individuals)
BCG immunisation
Social measures (housing / nutrition)
37
Q

How does the BCG immunisation work?

A

Attenuated strain of M. bovid

Intradermal injection

38
Q

Where is BCG immunisation most effective?

A

Neonates of high risk families

39
Q

TB is closely associated with which disease?

A

HIV

40
Q

Which types of drugs can reactivate latent TB?

A

Steroids and other immunosuppressants

41
Q

What are the main aspects of pleural infection?

A

Increasing incidence
Significant mortality
Doesn’t always follow pneumonia
Can rapidly coagulate and organise to form fibrosis peels even w/o antibiotics

42
Q

What are the risk factor for pleural infection?

A 
Diabetes mellitus
Immunosuppression
Gastro-oesophageal reflux
Alcohol misses
I.V. drug abuse
43
Q

What is are the 3 types of pleural infection?

A
  1. Simple parapneumonic effusion
  2. Complicated parapneumonic effusion
    Effusion
  3. Empyema
44
Q

What distinguishes a simple parapneumonic effusion?

A

Typically respond well to antibiotics

45
Q

What distinguishes a complicated parapneumonic effusion?

A 
Includes pus
Gram-stain postive
pH < 7.2
low glucose
separations
loculations
46
Q

What distinguishes empyema?

A

Pus in pleural cavity

47
Q

Typically, pleural effusions below _ cm don’t need to be drained?

A

1 cm

48
Q

How are pleural effusions managed?

A 
Antibiotics (often several weeks)
Drain as needed
Early discuss with surgeons if persistent sepsis 
Nutrition
VTE prophylaxis
Question role of fibrinolytic or Dnase
Reassess if don't improve

Respiratory Anatomy & Disease Mechanisms (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions