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Respiratory Anatomy & Disease Mechanisms > Anatomy of Breathing (ANATOMY) > Flashcards

Anatomy of Breathing (ANATOMY) Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Right & left nasal cavities / Oral cavity
Naso-/Oro-/Laryngo- pharynx
Larynx

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2
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A 
Trachea
Right & left main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles 
Alveoli
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3
Q

What is the division between the URT and LRT?

A

The trachea

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4
Q

The trachea has _________ associated with its wall

A

cartilaginous ring

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5
Q

The midline trachea ______ into a right and left primary bronchus

A

bifurcates

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6
Q

At which level does the larynx become the trachea?

A

C6 vertebrae

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7
Q

At which level does the pharynx become the oesophagus?

A

C6 vertebrae

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8
Q

The trachea can be palpated at the ________ of the manubrium

A

jugular notch

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9
Q

The isthmus of the thyroid gland is _____ to the tracheal cartilages 2-4

A

anterior

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10
Q

The jugular notch is the most ____ aspect of the sternum

A

superior

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11
Q

What connects the right and left side of the thyroid gland (forms an H shape)

A

Isthmus

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12
Q

Where is the thorax?

A

Between the neck and the abdomen

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13
Q

What are the components of the thorax?

A

Chest walls

Chest cavity

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14
Q

What is the function of the chest wall?

A

Protection of the heart and lungs
Making the movements of tissue
Breast tissue –> lactation

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15
Q

Where is the chest cavity located?

A

Within the chest walls

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16
Q

What does the chest cavity contain?

A

Vital organs (Viscera) + major vessels and nerves

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17
Q

What does the chest cavity consist of?

A

Mediastinum & right and left plural cavities

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18
Q

What are the layers of the chest wall (superficial to deep)?

A

Skin
Fascia (Superficial then deep)
Bone / Joints
Parietal pleura

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19
Q

What is the chest wall made of?

A

Bones, fascia, muscles and skin

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20
Q

Muscles responsible for breathing anchor onto the _____

A

thoracic wall

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21
Q

The female breasts are an extension of the _____

A

thoracic wall

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22
Q

The chest cavity is divided into which 3 areas?

A

Left pleural cavity
Right pleural cavity
Mediastinum (in between)

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23
Q

The pleura in contact with the chest wall is called ____ pleura

A

Parietal

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24
Q

The pleura in contact with the lungs is called ___ pleura

A

Visceral

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25
Q

What does the pleural cavity contain?

A

Pleural fluid

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26
Q

What is the function of pleural fluid?

A

Cause surface tension between parietal and visceral pleura

Acts as a lubricant

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27
Q

Each lung has __ Brunchopulmonary segments

A

10

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28
Q

How many lobes does the right lung contain?

A

3

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29
Q

Which lung contains 2 lobes?

A

Left lung

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30
Q

Does each bronchopulmonary segment have its own blood supply?

A

Yes

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31
Q

What defines a true rib?

A

Attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum via a single bar or cartilage

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32
Q

What defines a false rib?

A

Attach via costal cartilage above to the sternum (via common costal cartilage = costal margin)

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33
Q

What defines floating ribs?

A

No attachment to the sternum

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34
Q

Which are the true ribs?

A

1-7

35
Q

Which are the false ribs?

A

8-10

36
Q

Which are the floating ribs?

A

11-12

37
Q

How many intercostal spaces are there?

A

11

38
Q

What make sup the sternum?

A

Manurbium
Body
Xiphoid
Sternal angle

39
Q

Where is the sternocostal joint found?

A

Between the sternum and the costal cartilage

40
Q

Which layers of skeletal muscle are located between the ribs & within the intercostal spaces (superficial to deep)?

A

External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles

41
Q

Where do the layers of intercostal muscles attach?

A

Between adjacent ribs

42
Q

How do the intercostal muscles make the chest wall expand during breathing?

A

By pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards

43
Q

What is the main skeletal muscle of breathing?

A

The Diaphragm

44
Q

What does each intercostal space carry?

A

A neuro-vascular bundle

45
Q

What constitutes a neuro-vascular bundle?

A

Nerve,
Artery &
Vein

46
Q

What is the nerve supply to the intercostal spaces?

A

Anterior rams of spinal nerve (aka intercostal nerve)

47
Q

What is the posterior arterial supply to the intercostal spaces?

A

Thoracic aorta

48
Q

What is the anterior arterial supply to the intercostal spaces?

A

Internal thoracic artery

49
Q

What is the posterior venous drainage of the intercostal spaces?

A

Azygous vein

50
Q

What is the anterior venous drainage of the intercostal spaces

A

Internal thoracic vein?

51
Q

The intercostal spaces have ___ arterial and venous supply

A

dual

52
Q

Which arteries supply the chest wall?

A

Bilateral posterior intercostal arteries

53
Q

What supplies the lung tissue?

A

Bronchial arteries

54
Q

The bronchial arteries are branches from the____anterior surface

A

thoracic aorta’s

55
Q

The thoracic duct accompanies the ____ through the diaphragm

A

aorta

56
Q

What forms the floor of the chest cavity?

A

Diaphragm

57
Q

What forms the roof of the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

58
Q

the diaphragm has _____ to allow structures to pass

A

opening

59
Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

A

Skeletal muscle

60
Q

Why is the right dome of the diaphragm normally more superior than the left?

A

Because of the presence of the liver inferiorly

61
Q

The muscular part of the diaphragm attaches peripherally to (anterior to posterior)?

A
  1. Sternum
  2. Lower 6 ribs & costal cartilage
  3. L1-L3 vertebral bodies
62
Q

What is the nerve supply of the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve

63
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate from?

A

C3,4 & 5 anterior rami

64
Q

The phrenic nerves are found in the neck on the ______ of the scalenus anterior muscle

A

anterior surface

65
Q

The phrenic nerve descends over the _____ aspects of the heart

A

lateral

66
Q

The phrenic nerves supply the _____ and ______ axons to the diaphragm & ______

A

Somatic sensory
Sympathetic
Fibrous pericardium

67
Q

The phrenic nerve supplies somatic _____ axons to the diaphragm

A

motor

68
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the origin of the phrenic nerves?

A

C3, 4, and 5 keep the diaphragm alive

69
Q

What are the 3 steps of inspiration mechanics?

A

Diaphragm contracts and descends
Intercostal muscles contract and elevate ribs
Chest walls pull the lungs outwards with them (pleura)

70
Q

What does the diaphragm contracting do to the vertical chest dimension?

A

Increases it

71
Q

Which chest dimensions are increased by the intercostal muscles contracting?

A

A-P and lateral

72
Q

What effect does the chest wall pulling the lungs outwards have?

A

Air flows into the lungs

73
Q

The parietal pleura is stuck to the chest walls and creates a vacuum, this pulls the _____ pleura and therefore the ______ creating _____ pressure so air flows in

A

visceral
lungs
negative

74
Q

What are the 3 steps of expiration mechanics?

A

Diaphragm relaxes and rises
Intercostal muscles relax lowering ribs
Elastic tissue of lungs recoils

75
Q

The lateral quadrants to axillary nodes in the breast show _____ drainage

A

unilateral

76
Q

The medial quadrants to parasternal nodes show _____ drainage

A

Bilateral

77
Q

Where does blood supply to the breast come from?

A

Internal thoracic artery which comes from the subclavian vein

78
Q

What is the groove in between the pectorals major and deltoid called?

A

Deltopectoral groove

79
Q

Which vein drains the upper limb?

A

Cephalic vein

80
Q

Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess located?

A

Between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura

81
Q

What is the most inferior region of the costodiaphragmatic recess, laterally?

A

The costophrenic angle

82
Q

Abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity drains into the _______

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

83
Q

What is auscultation

A

Listening to the sound of air moving through the larynx

84
Q

Which parts of the lung need to be auscultated during an exam?

A

All 5 lung lobes
Apices
Bases

Respiratory Anatomy & Disease Mechanisms (13 decks)

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