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Respiratory Anatomy & Disease Mechanisms > Anatomy of Breathing (ANATOMY) > Flashcards

Anatomy of Breathing (ANATOMY) Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Right & left nasal cavities / Oral cavity
Naso-/Oro-/Laryngo- pharynx
Larynx

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2
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A 
Trachea
Right & left main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles 
Alveoli
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3
Q

What is the division between the URT and LRT?

A

The trachea

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4
Q

The trachea has _________ associated with its wall

A

cartilaginous ring

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5
Q

The midline trachea ______ into a right and left primary bronchus

A

bifurcates

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6
Q

At which level does the larynx become the trachea?

A

C6 vertebrae

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7
Q

At which level does the pharynx become the oesophagus?

A

C6 vertebrae

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8
Q

The trachea can be palpated at the ________ of the manubrium

A

jugular notch

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9
Q

The isthmus of the thyroid gland is _____ to the tracheal cartilages 2-4

A

anterior

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10
Q

The jugular notch is the most ____ aspect of the sternum

A

superior

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11
Q

What connects the right and left side of the thyroid gland (forms an H shape)

A

Isthmus

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12
Q

Where is the thorax?

A

Between the neck and the abdomen

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13
Q

What are the components of the thorax?

A

Chest walls

Chest cavity

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14
Q

What is the function of the chest wall?

A

Protection of the heart and lungs
Making the movements of tissue
Breast tissue –> lactation

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15
Q

Where is the chest cavity located?

A

Within the chest walls

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16
Q

What does the chest cavity contain?

A

Vital organs (Viscera) + major vessels and nerves

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17
Q

What does the chest cavity consist of?

A

Mediastinum & right and left plural cavities

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18
Q

What are the layers of the chest wall (superficial to deep)?

A

Skin
Fascia (Superficial then deep)
Bone / Joints
Parietal pleura

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19
Q

What is the chest wall made of?

A

Bones, fascia, muscles and skin

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20
Q

Muscles responsible for breathing anchor onto the _____

A

thoracic wall

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21
Q

The female breasts are an extension of the _____

A

thoracic wall

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22
Q

The chest cavity is divided into which 3 areas?

A

Left pleural cavity
Right pleural cavity
Mediastinum (in between)

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23
Q

The pleura in contact with the chest wall is called ____ pleura

A

Parietal

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24
Q

The pleura in contact with the lungs is called ___ pleura

A

Visceral

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25
What does the pleural cavity contain?
Pleural fluid
26
What is the function of pleural fluid?
Cause surface tension between parietal and visceral pleura | Acts as a lubricant
27
Each lung has __ Brunchopulmonary segments
10
28
How many lobes does the right lung contain?
3
29
Which lung contains 2 lobes?
Left lung
30
Does each bronchopulmonary segment have its own blood supply?
Yes
31
What defines a true rib?
Attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum via a single bar or cartilage
32
What defines a false rib?
Attach via costal cartilage above to the sternum (via common costal cartilage = costal margin)
33
What defines floating ribs?
No attachment to the sternum
34
Which are the true ribs?
1-7
35
Which are the false ribs?
8-10
36
Which are the floating ribs?
11-12
37
How many intercostal spaces are there?
11
38
What make sup the sternum?
Manurbium Body Xiphoid Sternal angle
39
Where is the sternocostal joint found?
Between the sternum and the costal cartilage
40
Which layers of skeletal muscle are located between the ribs & within the intercostal spaces (superficial to deep)?
External intercostal muscles Internal intercostal muscles Innermost intercostal muscles
41
Where do the layers of intercostal muscles attach?
Between adjacent ribs
42
How do the intercostal muscles make the chest wall expand during breathing?
By pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards
43
What is the main skeletal muscle of breathing?
The Diaphragm
44
What does each intercostal space carry?
A neuro-vascular bundle
45
What constitutes a neuro-vascular bundle?
Nerve, Artery & Vein
46
What is the nerve supply to the intercostal spaces?
Anterior rams of spinal nerve (aka intercostal nerve)
47
What is the posterior arterial supply to the intercostal spaces?
Thoracic aorta
48
What is the anterior arterial supply to the intercostal spaces?
Internal thoracic artery
49
What is the posterior venous drainage of the intercostal spaces?
Azygous vein
50
What is the anterior venous drainage of the intercostal spaces
Internal thoracic vein?
51
The intercostal spaces have ___ arterial and venous supply
dual
52
Which arteries supply the chest wall?
Bilateral posterior intercostal arteries
53
What supplies the lung tissue?
Bronchial arteries
54
The bronchial arteries are branches from the____anterior surface
thoracic aorta's
55
The thoracic duct accompanies the ____ through the diaphragm
aorta
56
What forms the floor of the chest cavity?
Diaphragm
57
What forms the roof of the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
58
the diaphragm has _____ to allow structures to pass
opening
59
What type of muscle is the diaphragm?
Skeletal muscle
60
Why is the right dome of the diaphragm normally more superior than the left?
Because of the presence of the liver inferiorly
61
The muscular part of the diaphragm attaches peripherally to (anterior to posterior)?
1. Sternum 2. Lower 6 ribs & costal cartilage 3. L1-L3 vertebral bodies
62
What is the nerve supply of the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
63
Where does the phrenic nerve originate from?
C3,4 & 5 anterior rami
64
The phrenic nerves are found in the neck on the ______ of the scalenus anterior muscle
anterior surface
65
The phrenic nerve descends over the _____ aspects of the heart
lateral
66
The phrenic nerves supply the _____ and ______ axons to the diaphragm & ______
Somatic sensory Sympathetic Fibrous pericardium
67
The phrenic nerve supplies somatic _____ axons to the diaphragm
motor
68
What is the mnemonic to remember the origin of the phrenic nerves?
C3, 4, and 5 keep the diaphragm alive
69
What are the 3 steps of inspiration mechanics?
Diaphragm contracts and descends Intercostal muscles contract and elevate ribs Chest walls pull the lungs outwards with them (pleura)
70
What does the diaphragm contracting do to the vertical chest dimension?
Increases it
71
Which chest dimensions are increased by the intercostal muscles contracting?
A-P and lateral
72
What effect does the chest wall pulling the lungs outwards have?
Air flows into the lungs
73
The parietal pleura is stuck to the chest walls and creates a vacuum, this pulls the _____ pleura and therefore the ______ creating _____ pressure so air flows in
visceral lungs negative
74
What are the 3 steps of expiration mechanics?
Diaphragm relaxes and rises Intercostal muscles relax lowering ribs Elastic tissue of lungs recoils
75
The lateral quadrants to axillary nodes in the breast show _____ drainage
unilateral
76
The medial quadrants to parasternal nodes show _____ drainage
Bilateral
77
Where does blood supply to the breast come from?
Internal thoracic artery which comes from the subclavian vein
78
What is the groove in between the pectorals major and deltoid called?
Deltopectoral groove
79
Which vein drains the upper limb?
Cephalic vein
80
Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess located?
Between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura
81
What is the most inferior region of the costodiaphragmatic recess, laterally?
The costophrenic angle
82
Abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity drains into the _______
Costodiaphragmatic recess
83
What is auscultation
Listening to the sound of air moving through the larynx
84
Which parts of the lung need to be auscultated during an exam?
All 5 lung lobes Apices Bases

Respiratory Anatomy & Disease Mechanisms (13 decks)

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