Tuberculosis Flashcards
define tuberculosis
infectious disease caused by a bacterium
how is TB spread?
airborne infection spread via respiratory droplets
which bacterium causes tuberculosis
mycobacterium tuberculosis (acid fast bacilli)
risk factors for TB
- contact with high risk groups
- HIV
- immunosuppressed
- chemotherapy
- drug/alcohol misuse
- overcrowding
- diabetes
pathology of TB
tissue necrosis and granulomatous formation
clinical pulmonary features of TB
- productive cough
- haemoptysis
- weight loss
- fever
- sweats
- laryngeal= hoarse voice and severe cough
CXR for pulmonary TB
- consolidation with or without cavitation
- pleural effusion
- widening of mediastinum
lymph node TB
firm, non-tender enlargement of a cervical or supraclavicular node
how does military TB affect the systems
- micro abscess in liver and spleen
- cholestasis (reduced bile flow)
- GI symptoms
investigations into TB
- microbiological
- CXR
- bronchoalveolar lavage fluid if cough unproductive
microbiological investigations for TB
- Ziehl neelsen staining
- auramine-rhodamine staining
- culture
- NAA (nucleic acid amplification)
how long is treatment excluding TB of the CNS?
6 months
how long is treatment including TB of the CNS
12 months
should management be directly observed
yes
adverse effects of isoniazid
polyneuropathy at high doses
adverse effects of rifampicin
- induces liver enzymes staining body secretions pink (change in colour of urine, tears and sweat)
- affect birth control
adverse effects of pyrazinamide
hepatic toxicity
adverse effects of ethambutol
optic retrobulbar neuritis
how is latent TB detected?
TB skin test
what does a positive result to a TB skin test indicate
delayed hypersensitivity
what should be carried out after new diagnosis of TB
contact tracing
health workers screened
BCG vaccine
what kind of vaccine is the BCG vaccine?
live attenuated
