Tsp spinal mechanics

Question 1

breathing mechanics

Answer 1

birth to 6 weeks: 30–40 breaths per minute
6 months: 25–40 breaths per minute
3 years: 20–30 breaths per minute
6 years: 18–25 breaths per minute
10 years: 17–23 breaths per minute
Adults: 12-18 breaths per minute
Elderly ≥ 65 years old: 12-28 breaths per minute.
Elderly ≥ 80 years old: 10-30 breaths per minute
1-6- bucket
7-10- pump
11 and 12- caliper

Question 2

pattern of breathing

Answer 2

Children- abdominally
Adulthood- upper rib breathers and thoracic breathers
Elderly- abdominal breathers

Question 3

common chest shapes

Answer 3

Pigeon chest (Pectus carinatum) = rounded sternum. Front of chest is rounded
Pectus excavatum= sunken in breastbone
Barrel chest= thorax is deep and wide (chronic asthmatic)

Question 4

rib mechanics

Answer 4

Ribs 1, 11 and 12 only articulate with 1 vertebra, no transverse process
Others connect with vertebrae and transverse process

Question 5

relationship of diaphragm, rib cage and lsp

Answer 5

Diaphragm attachments- Whole costal condral margin, central tendon, apertures for inferior vena cava and esophagus, left and right crooks (anchors onto anterior vertebral bodies of lumbar spine)
May have lower back pain if someone has been coughing a lot (tight PSOAS, QL and crooks)
Osteopathy and asthma–> problem with expiration, hyper inflated ribs. Can stretch out intercostal and thoracic muscles, patient can breathe in. can cure musculoskeletal consequences of asthma not causes
Chronic chest infection, no active infection but lots of mucus- move ribs to drive fluid, lymphatic and venous drainage to get lungs moving properly

Question 6

limiting factor of breathing

Answer 6

age–> advanced age leads to increased muscle stiffness which leads to reduced compliance
scoliosis–> can lead to excessive side bend and rotation affecting thoracic compliance and rib excursion (movement of ribs moving in and out)
schuerman’s kyphosis–> leads to excessive thoracic kyphosis, resulting in reduced rib excursion and thoracic expansion
rheumatoid arthritis–> leads to increased stiffness and inflammation of cartilage of sternocostal joints, resulting in reduced rib excursion
obesity–> trunckal fat when horizontal, will rise up and push diaphragm
bras–> constantly being pulled forward, may have small ribs and big cup size. Need to wear correct size

Question 7

other functions of tsp

Answer 7

To provide a stable anchor for movements of upper extremities
Tspine also has an anterior and posterior