Trunk/Spine/Core Flashcards
Cervical Spine
7 vertebrae (1st: atlas/2nd: axis allow for rotational movements of the head)
Thoracic Spine
12 vertebrae
Lumbar
5 vertebrae
Sacrum
5 vertebrae
Coccyx
4 vertebrae
Lordosis
Sagittal plane; increased posterior concavity of cervical and lumbar curves
Kyphosis
Increased anterior concavity of thoracic spine
Hypolordosis
Reduction for normal lordotic curve, resulting in flat back
Hyperlordosis
Paris Hilton pose (sticking butt out/ anterior pelvic tilt)
Scoliosis
Lateral curvatures or sideward deviations of spine
What are the two parts that make up the intervertebral disc?
-Annulus fibrous: the outer rim of dense fibrocartilage
-Nucleus pulposus: central gelatinous, pulpy substance
How does disc herniation occur?
-Generally a flexion mechanism/hypolordotic posture
-Causes posterior herniation
-Upper back posture is important
-Extensions as exercises can help
Facet Joints
-Gliding-type joints due to limited gliding movements
-Gliding movement between superior and inferior processes of facet joints
-Control movement
-Angle of facet joint changes at different spinal levels to allow certain movements and prevent others
What are the disc pressure changes with posture
-Spinal curves enable it to absorb blows and shocks
-The more pressure placed on one side of the vertebrae has uneven force distribution which can lead to nerve impingement and back spasms with hyperlordosis and posterior disc herniation with hypolordosis
How does disc shock absorption changes with aging
When we grow older our bodies are trying to fight gravity, which naturally pull us down into a hypolordotic state, putting more pressure on the anterior portion of the vertebrae, and less pressure on the posterior portion of the vertebrae, allowing for disc herniation
Ribs
-12 pairs of ribs
-7 true ribs attach directly to the sternum
-3 false ribs attach indirectly to the sternum
-2 floating ribs
Rib articulation with the spine and sternum
Each rib articulates with a vertebrae on the spine, specifically the thoracic sone (hence 12 vertebrae
Spinal movements
-Rotational mobility in the thoracic spine
-Rotational stability in lumbar spine
-Facet joints in the sagittal plane clash into each other preventing rotation in lumbar spine (train obliques)
Spinal flexion
-Anterior movement of spine
-In cervical region the head moves toward chest
-In lumbar region the thorax moves towards pelvis
-Sagittal plane movements
Spinal Extension
-Return from flexion/posterior movement of spine
-In cervical spine head moves away from chest and thoracic moves away from pelvis
-Sagittal plane movement
Lateral flexion
-Side bending
-Head moves laterally toward the shoulder and thoracic moves laterally toward pelvis
-Frontal plane movement
Spinal rotation
-Rotary movements of spine in transverse plane
-Chin rotates from neutral toward shoulder and thorax rotates to one side
Muscles of thorax (for respiration)
-Diaphragm: quiet breathing/relaxation of diaphragm pushes air out
-Intercostal muscles: forced breathing/external intercostals=inspiration/internal intercostal muscles=expiration
Erector spinae
-Largest muscle
-Extends on each side of spinal column from pelvis to cranium
-Divided into 3 muscles: spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis
-From medial to lateral side, has attachments in lumbar, thoracic, and cervical regions
-Actually made up of nine muscle
-Extension (anti-flexion)
-Anterior pelvic rotation (hyperlordosis)
