Trunk Note Details Flashcards
The neck can be divided into two areas known as the ___ and ___.
Anterior and posterior triangles
The borders of the anterior triangle in the neck are…
Sternocleidomastoid, anterior midline, and the edge of the jaw
The borders of the posterior triangle of the neck are…
Sternocleidomastoid, clavicle, and upper trapezius
What is the u-shaped bone at located at the floor of the neck?
Hyoid bone
The opening in the back of the “U” of the hyoid bone serves as an attachment for the ___.
Pharynx
The hyoid moves ___ when you swallow.
Up and down
The thyroid cartilage is a ___-shaped shield that comes together in the [front/back] and is open in the [front/back]. Deep to it are the ____.
V-shaped shield, comes together in the FRONT, open in BACK. Deep to it are the VOCAL CORDS
The cricoid cartilage is:
(A) V-shaped
(B) U-shaped
(C) Complete ring
(C) complete ring. Below it, tracheal rings begin
The tracheal cartilage is [open/closed] in the back.
Open in the back
___ closes the back of the tracheal cartilage. This acts to _____.
Smooth muscle closes the tracheal cartilage in the back and acts to constrict the airway (or relax to expand it)
The midline of the neck is [vascular/avascular]. Why would this matter?
Midline of neck is AVASCULAR; there isn’t really bleeding if you need to do an emergency tracheotomy
The digastric muscles lie in the ____ . They consist of ___ (#) muscle bellies with a tendon in the middle. This tendon is held down in place by the ___ [bone] and ____.
Floor of the mouth. 2 muscle bellies. Tendon held in place by the hyoid and a little sling.
Name the strap muscles of the neck
Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid
The ___ and ___ muscles can be overstretched/traumatized in whiplash or extremely forward head position. This can result in _____ due to the changed position of the thyroid cartilage. Why?
Sternothyroid and Thyrohyoid muscles overstretched in whiplash. These muscles help to position the thyroid cartilage, so when they’re overstretched, it can change the “tip” or angle of the thyroid cartilage and cause HOARSENESS in the voice because it rubs on vocal cords
Describe the path of the the Spinal Portion of Accessory Nerve, CN XI
(1) Innervates sternocleidomastoid, (2) Appears at posterior border of SCM at Erb’s Point, (3) Traverses posterior triangle, (4) Runs deep to trapezius and innervates it
All branches of nerves at Erb’s point are ____ [sensory cutaneous/motor] branches.
SENSORY CUTANEOUS BRANCHES
All branches of the cervical plexus emerge at the ___ border of the ___ at ____ point.
All branches of cervical plexus emerge at POSTERIOR border of SCM at ERB’s point
The sensory cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus include __, __, __, and ___. The ___ nerve (C_,,) is also in the vicinity.
Lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical (anterior part of neck), supraclavicular (3 of them!). Phrenic N. (C3,4,5) is nearby.
The ___ is described as a “loop” of cervical nerve.
Ansa Cervicalis
The Ansa Cervicalis consists of ___ [motor/sensory] fibers of the cervical plexus from C_,,. It has __ (#) roots: ____ [name them].
Ansa Cervicalis consists of MOTOR fibers from C1,2,3. It has 2 roots: superior root and inferior root.
The superior root of the ansa cervicalis is AKA ___. It arises from spinal root(s) __. It runs with the ____ nerve for a short distance.
AKA descendens hypoglossi. C1. Runs with hypoglossal n. for short distance.
The inferior root of the Ansa Cervicalis is AKA __. It arises from spinal root(s) __.
AKA Descendens cervicalis. C2,3
The ansa cervicalis appears on either side of the ___ vein. It gives off branches to the ___, ___, and ___, collectively called the ___.
Appears on either side of INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN. Branches given off to OMOHYOID, STERNOTHYROID, and STERNOHYOID, collectively the STRAP muscles.
The Vagus nerve (CN __ can be found in the ____ sheath. It contains the following branches: ____, __, __, __, and ___.
CN X, Branches include: (1) Pharyngeal branch, (2) Intrinsic laryngeal n., (3) Extrinsic laryngeal n., (4) Recurrent laryngeal n., (5) Branch to Carotid body
The vagus n. runs between the ___ vein and the ___ artery, providing ____ innervation to the ___ and most of the ___.
Vagus n. runs between INTERNAL JUGULAR V. and CAROTID A. Provides parasympathetic innervation to GUT and most of ABDOMEN
The vagus n. gives off branches that innervate the ___, and in the neck, it innervates the ___ and ___.
Innervate larynx, and in neck, it innervates carotid body and sinus.
The hypoglossal nerve (CN ___) exits the skull via the ____. It runs deep to the ___ [ant/post] belly of the ___ muscle. Then, it runs with the ____ into the floor of the mouth, where it innervates the muscles of the ___.
CN XII. Exits skull via hypoglossal canal of the skull. It runs DEEP to the POSTERIOR belly of the DIGASTRIC muscle. It runs with the DESCENDENS HYPOGLOSSI then into the floor of the mouth where it innervates muscles of the TONGUE
The thyroid gland sits at the level of ___ (spinal level). It consists of __ (#) lobes connected by ___. It is [highly vascularized/avascular], and in person, it appears ____ [color & texture]
Lower cervical/T1 level. 2 lobes connected by isthmus. It is HIGHLY VASCULARIZED and appears GRAYISH and SOFT in texture
What are the contents of the carotid sheath? Also, it’s noted to be a ___ sheath.
FACIAL sheath. (1) Common/internal carotid artery, (2) Internal jugular vein, (3) Vagus nerve.
The common carotid artery divides at the _____ [superior/inferior] border of the _____ (C_,_ level) into two things: __ and ___.
Common carotid a. divides at SUPERIOR border of THYROID CARTILAGE (C3, C4 level) into INTERNAL CAROTID and EXTERNAL CAROTID
At the split of the common carotid artery, you can see the ___ and interiorly (though not visible) is the ____.
See the CAROTID SINUS (dilation of the vessel) and interiorly is the CAROTID BODY
The internal carotid artery supplies the _____, and [has/does not have] branches in the neck.
Internal carotid a.: Supplies the ANTERIOR BRAIN, NO branches in neck
The external carotid artery gives off __ (#) branches that supply the ___ and___.
External carotid a.: 8 branches that supply NECK and FACE
The internal jugular vein drains the ____ and ___, including the ___.
Internal jugular v. drains HEAD and NECK including the BRAIN
Superficial veins in the superficial fascia of the neck vary, but the most consistent is the ___ , which is on the ___ [anterior/ posterior/ medial/ lateral] side of the neck. These veins are located in the ___ in the neck.
Most consistent superficial vein is the EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN which is on the LATERAL side of the neck. Superifical veins are located in the HYPODERMIS in the neck (similar to cephalic and basilic in arm).
General features of the muscles of facial expressions
(1) Thin and flat, (2) Insert on skin, (3) Some arise from bone or skin or fascia, (4) ALL innervated by CN VII, Facial Nerve, (5) Named by their actions
Muscle responsible for wiggling ears?
Superior, anterior, and posterior auricular muscles
Muscle responsible for closing eyelids?
Orbicularis Oculi
Smiling muscles? What layer are these in?
Zygomaticus major and minor, and Risorius. SUPERFICIAL layer
What runs between the frontalis and occipitalis muscles?
Galea aponeurosis: large sheet of fascia loosely attached to scalp
What nerve innervates all of the muscles of facial expression?
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
The facial nerve exits the skull through the ____ and then courses through the ____. It gives off 5 branches (name them).
Stylomastoid foramen (VERY narrow!), courses through parotid gland, and gives off 5 branches: (1) Temporal, (2) Zygomatic, (3) Buccal, (4) Marginal mandibular, (5) Cervical
Describe Bell’s Palsy (how it happens, clinical appearance)
Facial paralysis due to compression of facial nerve (CN VII) usually in stylomastoid foramen. Inflammation to the nerve compresses nerve because the channel is so small. This blocks action potentials from getting through the nerve. Takes weeks to recover, but most people do recover. NO sensory loss. Affected side difficult movements: smiling, blinking, blowing/pursing lips, frowning, dribbled out of left side of mouth. Looks “droopy” and smooth, unable to completely close eye. Long-term risk is ulcerations of the cornea because you can’t blink and wash tears over eye.
The ____ provides motor innervation of the face, while the ____ provides sensory innervation for the face.
Facial Nerve (CN VII) = motor; Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) provides SENSORY innervation
The trigeminal nerve (CN ) has _ (#) divisions: ____ (V; innervates ____), ____ (V_; innervates ___), and ___ (V_; innervates __)
(1) Ophthalmic (V1), upper nose and eye, and upward
(2) Maxillary (V2), middle of face
(3) Mandibular (V3), lower face
What is special about the mandibular division (V_) of the trigeminal nerve (CN _)?
Mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) provides sensory innervation to the lower face, but it also innervates the muscles of mastication! (SENSORY AND MOTOR)
The parotid gland is a major ___ gland located on the [anterior/posterior/ medial/ lateral] side of the face, in front of ____. The ____ duct empties its secretions into the mouth.
Parotid gland = major salivary gland in the LATERAL face, in FRONT OF EAR to ANGLE OF JAW. The PAROTID duct empties secretion into mouth
What is the blood supply for the muscles of facial expression? What are these arteries branches of? Describe their path.
(1) Facial artery. Branch of EXTERNAL CAROTID a., crosses inferior border of mandible and runs diagonally to the inner corner of the eye. It gives off branches to face
(2) Superficial temporal artery: Terminal branch of external carotid artery, supplies lateral face/head. *This artery can get arteritis which can cut off the blood supply
When are prevertebral muscles subject to injury?
In whiplash-type events
How many prevertebral muscles are there?
2 long (longus capitis, longus colli) to short (rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis)
Which is the most superficial of the prevertebral muscles?
Longus capitis