TrueLearn Flashcards
Oral hypoglycemic overdose that is refractory to glucagon and dextrose infusion should be managed next with ______
octreotide
Differentiating cerebral salt wasting and SIADH
SIADH has low UOP (and can look euvolemic), while cerebral salt wasting tends to have higher UOP (and look hypovolemic)
[bonus: differentiating hyponatremic dehydration from SIADH: hyponatremic dehydration has low urine sodium]
Pediatric HTN requires _____ readings to diagnose, and it’s important to check a manual BP.
Pre-HTN is defined as > ____ percentile
Stage I is defined as ______ percentile + 5 mm Hg
Stage II is defined as ______ percentile + 5 mm Hg
3 readings
Pre-HTN is defined as > 90th percentile
Stage I is defined as 95th-99th percentile + 5 mm Hg
Stage II is defined as >99th percentile + 5 mm Hg
Which IBD are these associated with?
arthritis
erythema nodosum
episcleritis
gallstones
Crohns
7 y/o previously healthy comes in with with jaundice, declining school performance, decline in handwriting performance, more impulsive behavior, scleral icterus, drooling, dysarthric speech, LFT elevation, normal CBC (aka HEPATIC + NEURO SXS)
Disease, confirmatory test, and treatment
Wilson disease
Confirm with liver biopsy (may see low serum ceruloplasmin and elevated urinary copper excretion, but liver bx is the confirmatory test if dx uncertain)
Tx is penicillamine
lesions with erythematous border surrounding a clear ring with purplish center
erythema multiforme
True/False: Randomized control trials are limited in that results are difficult to generalize beyond population studied
True
[aka external validity is poor – but internal validity (accuracy) is great in a well-designed study]
best way to avoid cholestasis in neonates on TPN
increase rate of infusion, so as to cycle TPN over 12-14 hrs – this reduces insulin exposure and allows for mobilization of fats
4 year old comes in with signs of meningitis + petechial rash – what bacteria?
Neisseria meningitidis
[Strep pneumo is most common cause in that age, but does NOT cause petechial rash]
how do you test for CMV in immunocompromised/transplant patient?
CMV blood PCR
[IgG, IgM, and urine CMV unreliable in this population]
What syndrome?
dysmorphic facies- anteverted nares, broad alveolar ridges, cleft palate
polydactyly or syndactyly
intellectual disability
growth retardation
ambiguous genitalia
Smith-Lemli-Opitz
[AR, abnl cholesterol biosynthesis]
False positive test = Type ___ error
Type I error
Live virus vaccines should be given simultaneously if appropriate, or greater than or equal to ____ days apart for optimal immune response
28
Acute anaphylaxis to blood transfusion is usually secondary to _______ deficiency
IgA
[check IgA levels]
Most common Salter Harris fracture – extends through the physis to the metaphysis
Type II
Marfanoid appearance, cognitive deficits, downward displacement of the lens
Homocystinuria
[contrast with Marfan syndrome which does not have cognitive deficit, and displacement of the lens is upward]
Abnormal facies
Cardiac abnormalities
Butterfly vertebrae
Direct hyperbili
Alagille syndrome (JAG1 mutation)
[Qstem had ToF, prominent forehead, hypertelorism, saddle nose, small chin; liver biopsy with paucity of bile ducts with giant cell transformation)
Toddler presents with seizures, low grade temp, and cardiac arrhythmia (tachycardia, irregular PVCs, prolonged QRS), found to have metabolic acidosis, stem mentions maternal hx depression. What is this and what do you do?
TCA overdose – give sodium bicarb
triple bubble sign
jejunoileal atresia
What should you think about with trio of fair skin, eczema, and intellectual disability?
PKU
Patients with hx of uncontrolled seizures should not receive what vaccine?
any vaccine containing pertussis component (DTaP, TDaP, etc)
other c/I include progressive neurologic disorders, hx of brief seizure within 3 days of vaccine in the past, history of shock like picture within 48 hrs of DTaP administration, or hx of encephalopathy or prolonged seizure within 1 week of DTaP
Patient with Addison’s disease in adrenal crisis – what happens to their sodium and potassium levels?
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Acute _______ intoxication may present with euphoria, agitation, hyperthermia, hypertension, tachycardia, diaphoresis, mydriasis, and “bugs on the skin” hallucinations. First line management is with a benzodiazepine; for severe hyperthermia, rapid cooling should be initiated, and for severe refractory HTN, _______ should be used.
cocaine; phentolamine
Differentiate laryngomalacia vs tracheomalacia
laryngomalacia peaks at 6 months; inspiratory stridor
tracheomalacia has expiratory stridor, monophonic wheeze, most resolve by 6-12 mo
infant of diabetic mother at risk of ____ blood glucose, ____ calcium, and ____ magnesium
low; low; low
General mixing instructions for infant formula (powdered)
1 scoop per 2 oz water
When is the routine 2-dose series of serogroup A, C, W, Y meningococcal vaccine given?
11-12 years
16 years
[at-risk kids will get earlier]
To meet criteria of Tourette syndrome, the tics (which are suppressible for a period of time) must have occurred for more than ____ months with the presence of BOTH vocal and motor tics at some point during the course
12 months
study type good for assessing prevalence
cross sectional
Phenotypic male incidentally found to have uterus and Fallopian tubes during an abdominal surgery. There is normal male external genitalia.
Persistent mullerian duct syndrome
What to do in immunosuppressed person who presents 4 days after exposure to varicella
Varicella-zoster immune globulin (can be given up to 10 days after exposure, start ASAP though)
If unable to give VIG, start acyclovir PEP starting 7 days after exposure
False negative test = Type ___ error
Type II error
Transfusion associated lung injury (TRALI) occurs when _______ from the donor are activated in the pulmonary system causing acute hypoxia or respiratory distress during or within 1-2 hrs of transfusion. Tx is supportive and may require intubation
neutrophils
determining ETT size (cuffed and uncuffed)
Cuffed ETT size = (age in years/4) + 3.5
Uncuffed ETT size = (age in years/4) + 4
inheritance of fragile X
X-linked dominant
most common ingredient to be allergic to in MMR, varicella vaccines
gelatin
T/F: a patient who presents with nits following treatment with permethrin for lice represents a re-infestation
False – this is treatment failure! Try a different topical like malathion. If that fails, can move to oral ivermectin
In children with medical conditions like diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin disease, lymphoma, and chronic renal failure, OR if child is younger than 4 years, born in or traveled to high TB prevalent area, or children frequently exposed to adult with HIV or is homeless, incarcerated, drug user, or living in nursing home, a TST is considered positive if induration is greater than _____
10 mm
_________ _________ = deficits in both intellectual and adaptive functioning starting in the developmental period
intellectual disability
male gynecomastia is a red flag at what stage(s) of puberty?
late stage like 4-5
Which of the following do you do for concerns of uteroplacental insufficiency and/or inability to tolerate labor?
A. Nonstress test
B. Stress test
C. Biophysical profile
B. Stress test
stress test evaluates fetal response to contractions over 15-20 mins
most common ingredient to be allergic to if child given MMR, varicella, and polio vaccines
neomycin, streptomycin (gelatin used in MMR and varicella but not polio)
When would you perform a biophysical profile?
after 2 nonreactive non-stress tests. BPP includes assessment of fetal movement, fetal tone, fetal breathing, and amniotic fluid volume. If BPP <4, you would induce labor or take for C-section
[Note: non stress test measures fetal HR in response to fetal movements]
16 y/o female found to have vagina ending in blind pouch, absence of uterus, presence of testes in abdomen, karyotype is 46 XY, testosterone levels are elevated
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
when is hepatitis A vaccine routinely given
2 doses, separated by at least 6 months starting at age 12 months
pathophys of meckel diverticulum
failure of closure of omphalomesenteric duct during gestation
2 components of risk stratification in near-drowning
O2 saturation (>95 is good px)
GCS (>13 is good px)