True Learn

Question 1

Marker for colorectal cancer?

Answer 1

CEA

Question 2

MOA of Acetazolamide?

Answer 2

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that acts at the proximal convoluted tubule and impairs bicarbonate reabsorption

Question 3

Name a complication of Acetazolamide use

Answer 3

renal tubular acidosis type 2

Question 4

HPV subtypes responsible for condyloma acuminata

Answer 4

6 and 11

Question 5

HPV subtypes responsible for cervical cancer

Answer 5

16,18,31,33

Question 6

At what age does schizophrenia usually present?

Answer 6

20’s

Question 7

How long do + and - schizo sx need to last to be considered schizophrenia?

Answer 7

at least 6 months

Question 8

Pt presents with hemiparesis/paralysis of the face and arm moreso than the LE. Where was the stroke?

Answer 8

contralateral MCA

Question 9

Pt presents with hemineglect and aphasia. Where was the stroke?

Answer 9

left MCA

Question 10

Which structures are usually compromised in ovarian torsion?

Answer 10

infundibulopelvic ligament (suspensory ligament of ovary); houses Ovarian A. and V.

is an emergency

Question 11

Drug of choice to reduce inflammation in ulcerative colitis?

Answer 11

sulfasalazine

Question 12

Fever, night sweats, and weight loss are sx of what?

Answer 12

TB

Question 13

Caseous necrosis in which lymph nodes is indicative of TB?

Answer 13

hilar

Question 14

Which antibodies are specific for limited cutaneous scleroderma?

Answer 14

anti-centromere antibodies

Question 15

Name some H2 receptor antagonists (proton pump inhibitors)

Answer 15

ranitidine, cimetidine, nizatidine, famotidine

Question 16

Name a GI side effect common in diabetics

Answer 16

gastroparesis due to autonomic damage

Question 17

What drug is used to treat gastroparesis in DM and how does it work?

Answer 17

metoclopramide; stimulates peristalsis by blocking dopamine receptors; can have extrapyramidal side effects

Question 18

What is Efaviranez?

Answer 18

non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Question 19

Does efaviranez incorporate itself into viral DNA?

Answer 19

no

Question 20

How does phenytoin cause folate deficiency?

Answer 20

it inhibits intestinal conjugase, an enzyme necessary to convert folate into an absorbable form in the jejunum

Question 21

Name a type of agar specifically used to grow Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Answer 21

Thayer-Martin chocolate agar

Question 22

What loop diuretic is used in people with sulfa allergy?

Answer 22

ethacrynic acid

Question 23

How is muscle contraction initiated in the myocyte?

Answer 23

calcium binds troponin, which causes a conformational change in troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose the myosin binding sites on actin

Question 24

What type of virus in Rhino virus?

Answer 24

picornavirus

Question 25

What are some characteristics of Rhinovirus?

Answer 25

picornavirus, non-enveloped, positive sense RNA virus in which the genome acts directly as mRNA. Has antigenic variability

Question 26

What are sx of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegners)?

Answer 26

mucosal ulcers, sinusitis with rapidly progressive renal failure (also lung involvement) organs involved shaped as a "C"

Question 27

What marker is elevated in granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

Answer 27

C-ANCA

Question 28

What is elevated in folate deficiency?

Answer 28

homocysteine

Question 29

What is elevated in B12 deficiency?

Answer 29

homocysteine AND methylmalonic acid

Question 30

What is specificity?

Answer 30

the ability to detect the absence of disease

Question 31

how is specificity calculated?

Answer 31

true negative/sum of pts without disease (true negative/truenegatives + false positives

Question 32

Name an agar usee to grow fungi such as Cryptococcus neoformans?

Answer 32

Sabouraud dextrose agar

Question 33

What sx start and end a rapidly progressive cresentic glomuerulonephritis (RPCG)?

Answer 33

starts with hemoptysis and ends with renal failure

Question 34

How can you determine the underlying disease states causing RPCG?

Answer 34

ANCA staining

Question 35

What is the drug of choice to treat myasthenia gravis?

Answer 35

pyridostigmine

Question 36

What are the side effects of pyridostigmine?

Answer 36

muscarininc side effects such as abdominal cramping and diarrhea

Question 37

Persistant inflammatory muscle disease (chronic inflammatory myopathy) that causes weakness of the skeletal muscles WITHOUT a rash

Answer 37

polymyositis

Question 38

How does polymyositis present?

Answer 38

insidious onset of symmetrical proximal muscle weakness WITHOUT a rash

Question 39

What is seen on histology in polymyositis?

Answer 39

endomysial inflammation (CD8+ T cells) with necrotic muscle fibers

Question 40

What is a cardiac risk factor of folate deficiency (elevated homocysteine)?

Answer 40

elevted levels of homocysteine increase the risk for vessel thrombosis; leads to hypercoagulability due to direct arterial injury via homocysteine destruction of elastin, collagen, and proteoglycans

Question 41

X-linked diseases due to a deficiency in iduronate sulfatase?

Answer 41

Hunter syndrome; causes coarse facial features

Question 42

What type of injury will be seen with medial epicondyle injury?

Answer 42

ulnar nerve injury resulting in claw hand

Question 43

Where does the ulnar nerve arise from?

Answer 43

medial cord of the brachial plexus

Question 44

What is the most common adult onset muscular dystrophy?

Answer 44

Myotonic muscular dystrophy

Question 45

What is the genetic inheritance of myotonic muscular dystrophy?

Answer 45

autosomal dominant, exhibits anticipation

Question 46

What is a superantigen released by staph aureus?

Answer 46

TSST-1 (toxic shock syndrome)

Question 47

How does the TSST-1 superantigen of staph aureus cause toxic shock syndrome?

Answer 47

TSST-1 binds MHC-II and T cell receptor outside the antigenetic groove, which activates a large number of T-cells to stimulate release of IFN and IL-2

Question 48

What is the mechanism of action of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine?

Answer 48

binds to cyclophilins inhibiting calcineurin

Question 49

What is donepezil?

Answer 49

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in treatment of Alzheimers

Question 50

What is the MOA of donepezil?

Answer 50

blocks the metabolism of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase at the synapse