True Bugs- Bugs, Beetles, Mosquitos, Blackflies, Biting midges, Sandflies, Horse and Deer flies, Tsetse flies, Sheep ked Flashcards
What order do bugs beling to?
Hemiptera
In general about bugs
Are free living species
Temporary
Blood feeders on host- can be birds or mammals
What are the 2 families of bugs that are parasitic?
Cimicidae: all are parasites
Reduviidae: some are parasitic, some are predatory and suck from other insects
General morph
Small compound eyes
Slim antennae
Development
Hemimetaboly
In the environment
5 instar nymph stages
Bedbugs
also called Cimex lectularis Family: Cimicidae All species are parasitic Are widespread in the world Pests especially in Po houses CANNOT transmit the pathogens they ingest with the blood
General morph of bedbugs
3 pairs of legs
Mouth part positioned ventrally on the head
Dorsoventrally flattened- they swell when they feed on blood
Wingless
Slender
4 segmented, erect antennae
Life cycle of bedbugs
Night time!!
Both males and females feed on blood
Mating/egg-laying/moulting in cracks
Uniqueness of their insemination
It’s traumatic
Males have hook-like penis that pierces the females abd cavity, can see the number of times the female has been inseminated by the number of wounds
Kissing bugs
Family: Reduviidae
Parasitic subfamilies: Triatoma, Rhodnius, Panstrongylus
General morph of kissing bugs
Reduced forewing
Membranous hindwing
Flattened
Life cycle of kissing bugs
Night time-Both males and females feed on blood
Daytime- mating/egg-laying and moulting in cracks
What disease are kissing bugs vectors of?
Transmit and sustain TRYPANOSOMES! (cruzi)
Bug contains epimastigotes– metacyclic trypomastigote in faeces– scratch faeces into skin– amastigote in cells– bloodstream
Dartling beetle/ lesser mealworm beetle
Alphitobius diaperinus
Order: Coleoptera
Very few species are parasitic - this beetle itself is not parasitic but is a reservoir for Po pathogens like Salmonella, Chicken pox and Tapeworms like Rallietina
General morph of Dartling beetles
Have v strong chewing muscles- can even get through insulation in Po houses
Typical ‘beetle’ appearance
Life cycle of beetles
Holometamorphosis
- in the environment
- 7-11 larval instars
Beetle larvae
Resemble flea larvae but they have LEGS! (and eyes?)
also have mouths
Diptera order
One of the largest and most advanced group of insects
2 wings for flight
2 wings for balance= HALTERE
Larave are worm like, no legs= maggots
Every type of feeding is possible- parasitic, carnivore, omnivore etc…
Suborders of Diptera Order
Nematocera
Brachycera
How to differentiate nematocera and brachycera
Nematocera have long, homologous antennae segmented (greater than 3 segmets)
Brachycera have short, hetreo antennae (less than or equal to 3 segments)
What is true for the Diptera order
Primarily feed on plants Females feed on blood -day or night (at dusk=crepuscularis) -autogen or anautogen -exophil or endophil -zoophil or antrophil
Mummified pupa=puva obteca- can be acquatic or terrestrial
What are included in the Nematocera?
Sandflies
Mosquitos
Blackflies
Biting Midges
In general about Nematocera
Have hairy bodies
The phlebotominaw subfamily is the only parasitic
Sandflies
Moth or drainflies
Family: Psychodidae
Morph of sandflies
Long, slender forward antennae
Male and female feed differently
Parallel veins on wings
Larvae=caterpillar-like, Puparium=mummy-like– both segmented
Development of sandflies
Holometamorphosis
In wet/decaying conditions- e.g dung, holes of trees
4 larval instars
What disease do sandflies carry?
LEISHMANIA!!
only the females
Mosquitos
Family: Culicidae
Morph of mosquitos
Tiny to medium sized species
Long, slender legs
Long, feathery antennae
Males feed on nectar, females feed on blood
Puparium=mummy-like, can see the outlines of organs
Long proboscis= parasitic!
Development of mosquitos
Holometamorphosis
Larvae develop is stagnant water
4 larval instars
What diseases do mosquitos transmit
the FEMALES
Yellow fever
Dengue fever
Parasites: Plasmodium, Dirofilaria, Wuchereria, Bancrofti
Anopheles sp: Malaria
How to differentiate male and female Culicines species?
Male: have very feathery antennae (strong sense of smell) to find females
Female: not so feathery antennae that are long and slim
Mouth part of mosquitos
Have a sucking mouth part (proboscis)
Stylet consists of: maxilla and manibula and hypopharynx, and sheet like covering consisting of the labium and labrum
What are the 2 main Culicines species
Aedes and Culex
How to differentiate the Anopheles and Culicines species
Anopheles- rest with hind UPWARDS
Culicines- rest with hind parallel to the ground
Blackflies
Buffalo gnats/ Turkey gnats/ White socks
Family: Simuliidae
Daytime!!!
Morph of blackflies
Short, homo antennae erected forward
Female= blood-feeder
“hump” on thorax
Puparium of blackflies
Mummy-like Segmeted Slipper-shaped coccoon Resp tubules "grumpy old man"
Development of blackflies
Holometamorphosis
In running waters
6-9 larval instars
What diseases do blackfles transmit?
FEMALES
Onchocerca nematodes- river blindness
Trypanosoma
Leucocytozoon
Simulitoxicosis- the biting and allergic effect happening together
Biting midges
Punkies Family: Ceratopogonidae Night/crepuscular V. large group Females-blood suckers Males- plant juices
Morph of biting midges
V. tiny <1mm
Long, forward antennae
Resemble mosquitos
How to differentiate from sandflies– look at the wings- sandflies have parallel veins, midges have patterns
Puparium of sandflies
Segmeted
Mummy-like
Have resp tubes
Larva of sandflies-
worm like
Development of sandflies
Holometamorphosis
Larvae in stagnant waters
4 larval instars
What do sandflies carry?
Viruses: Bluetongue and Schmallenberg
Protozoa: Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus
What diseases do sandflies cause?
Sweet/ Queensland/ Summer itch
- Self trauma because of rubbing
- Skin lesions on the tail, mane and dors and vent midlines
What are included in Brachycera?
Horsefly, tsetse fly. forestflies
Horseflies
Deerflies Family: Tabanidae Daytime Females: worm-blooded Males: nectar and pollen
Morphology of horseflies
Have coloured compound eyes
Slashing/sponging mouthpart
Tabanus and chrysops: quite large
Haematopota: blood-sucking, have patterns on wings
Development and life cycle of horseflies
Holometamorphosis
Predator larvae in humid, shady areas
7-11 larval stages
Lay eggs on the undersde of the leaves
Tsetse flies
Family: Glossinidae
Africa
Both sexes feed on blood!
Hosts are mammals and birds
General morph of tsetse flies
Antennae are forward pointing
Piercing mouthparts- covered with protective sheath, always in vertical direction
Glossinia sp. wing of the adult shows “Hatchet cell”
Development of tsetse flies
Holometamorphosis
BUT females deliver 3rd instar larva that pupate promptly after birth
What disease do tsetse flies transmit
Trypanosomas Cruzi
Forest flies
Louse flies
Family: Hippoboscidae
All parasitic
Both sexes are hematophagous and permanent
General morph of forestflies
Dorsoventrally flattened body
Legs straddled on side of body- can move very fast
Are resistant to compression i.e they cannot be popped
Life cycle/Development of forestflies
Female lays 4th instar larvae that pupate promptly after birth on the host or in soil
What disease do forestflies transmit
Bartonella
Hippobosca equina species of forestflies
Are very large (horseflies?)
Have permanent wings, when they land on the host they drop wings and become flightless
Lipotena cerri species
DEER KED
Short mouthpart
After ingesting blood on host they loose their wings
Sheep ked
Melophagis ovinus
No wings
Pupates on host
Travel by phoresy on the forest flies
