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Elizabeth > Troubles at Home and Abroad > Flashcards

Troubles at Home and Abroad Flashcards

1
Q

what was religion like under HVIII?

A
  • until 1530s, england was catholic and most people were
  • in early 1530s, HVIII broke away from roman catholic church
  • rejected pope’s authority and made himself head of the church of england
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2
Q

what was religion under Edward VI like?

A
  • strong supporter of protestantism
  • tried to reform the English church to make it more protestant
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3
Q

what was religion like under Mary I?

A
  • devout catholic
  • made england catholic again by restoring pope as head of english church and removed EdVI’s protestant reforms
  • protestants harshly persecuted - over 280 executed and many more fled to protestant countries
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4
Q

how did religion approached by Liz?

A
  • raised protestant
  • deeply religious and committed but also wanted to end constant religious turmoil by creating a stable and lasting religious settlement
  • Liz focussed on maintaining balance in the majority
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5
Q

what was included in the Religious Settlement 1559?

A
  • Act of Supremacy↓
  • Act of Uniformity
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6
Q

what was the Act of Supremacy?

A
  • HVIII and EdVI were Supreme Head of the Church of England
  • Liz made herself Supreme Governor of the English Church
  • gave her control without actually calling herself its ‘head’
  • all clergy and officials had to swear an oath of allegiance
  • Ecclesiastical High Commission set up to maintain discipline and enforce settlement
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7
Q

what was the Act of Uniformity?

A
  • established appearance of churches
  • moderate protestant reforms
  • going to church compulsory and fines for missing service - 1 shilling (a week’s earnings)and not strictly enforced
  • new Book of Common Prayer issued, and must be used in all churches
  • All parishes had to have a copy of the Bible in English
  • Communion service wording kept deliberately vague to be accepted by all
  • churches allowed to keep some decorations and priests had to wear certain catholic vestments
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8
Q

what were the Royal Injunctions?

A
  • instructions issued by Cecil to enforce Acts
  • all clergy must teach Royal Supremacy & report anyone who didn’t attend church to the Privy Council
  • all clergy must have a license
  • pilgrimage and fake idols banned
  • clergy can marry & wear vestments & images allowed in churches to given them a ‘familiar look’
  • visitations
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9
Q

what were the religious visitations?

A

125 commissioners (not a lot - not looking very hard) checked around the country to ensure all rules were being followed and each church had a copy of the english bible

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10
Q

what was the Act of Exchange?

A
  • the queen now controlled the finance of the church so can to take land and buildings and force Bishops to pay rent
  • added considerably to the Queen’s purse and the church was less able to finance rebellions
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11
Q

what did the 39 Articles do?

A

formally set out key elements of protestantism

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12
Q

how did Catholics react to the religious settlement?

A
  • didn’t like protestant england
  • didn’t like that the monarch was still the head of the church
  • didn’t like the protestant prayer book
  • didn’t like that the bible was in english
  • didn’t like clergical marriage
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13
Q

how did Protestants react to the religious settlement?

A
  • didn’t like that churches were still decorated
  • didn’t like vestments
  • didn’t like vague communion wording
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14
Q

how did Puritans react to the religious settlement?

A

didn’t like that singing was still allowed

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15
Q

how did people react to the religious settlement, in practice?

A
  • majority of clergymen took the Oath of Supremacy (~250/9,000 priests refused & lost their jobs)
  • Many devout Catholic bishops resigned & so didn’t provide strong opposition as their positions were filled by loyal supporters.
  • As long as people outwardly conformed to the Settlement, tolerance was allowed.
  • Matthew Parker, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was widely respected as a moderate Protestant.
  • no serious rebellions until 1569
  • by 1568 most people accepted the new church
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16
Q

who was Mary Queen of Scots?

A
  • only child of James V of Scotland
  • grandmother was Margaret Tudor, HVIII’s sister - no doubt of her royalty, unlike Liz
  • strong claim to the throne which was supported by many english catholics
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17
Q

why was Liz unwilling to make MQoS the heir to the throne?

A
  • could encourage assassination/rebellion as people try to get rid of Liz faster
  • England would be forced back to Catholicism, destroying Liz’s balance - naming her would just be admitting Liz’s solution was only temporary
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18
Q

how did MQoS come to England?

A
  • 1542: became queen at 6 days old & her mother acted as her regent, whilst she was raised in france (didn’t grow up in her own country - embedded in french culture instead)
  • 1558: 15 years old, married the heir to the french throne
  • 1560: her husband died suddenly so she returned to scotland, which was strongly protestant
  • 1565: married the scottish nobleman, lord darnley, who thought MQos was having an affair with her personal secretary, Davis Rizzio
  • 1566: group of nobles & darnley stabbed rizzio
  • 1567: darnley was murdered - many people believed MQoS & her close friend the Earl of Bothwell killed him
  • a few months later, MQoS married Bothwell, which was an unpopular marriage, so nobles rebelled, imprisoned her, & forced her to abdicate - some people (incl. Liz) felt that the nobles had no right to overthrow her, so didn’t accept her abdication (Liz couldn’t agree with the nobles & allow MQoS to be overthrown, as her subjects may do the same)
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19
Q

why did MQoS come to England?

A

she hoped Liz would help her regain power in scotland, but Liz couldn’t as MQoS’ claim to the english throne meant there’d be a constant threat of invasion

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20
Q

what happened once MQoS arrived in England?

A
  • the ‘casket letters’ (written from MQoS to Bothwell)
    • her supporters said they were forgeries but most people thought they were genuine, so MQoS was imprisoned even though Liz didn’t want to, & set up an inquiry into Darnley’s murder
  • Liz didn’t want to find MQoS guilty as this would support Scottish nobles who’d overthrown their rightful queen
  • Liz didn’t want to find MQoS not guilty, as this would force her to release MQoS where she may try to claim the throne
  • the inquiry didn’t reach a decision, so MQoS was kept imprisoned
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21
Q

what were the 4 options available for dealing with MQoS?

A
  • support her to get her throne back
  • imprisonment
  • allow her freedom
  • execution due to risk to throne↓
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22
Q

what are the pros & cons of supporting MQoS to get her throne back?

A
  • cons: threat of invasion, instability between England and Scotland
  • pros: can’t allow her to be overthrown
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23
Q

what are the pros & cons of keeping MQoS imprisoned?

A

pros: can’t take the throne, harder for plots
cons: catholic anger, what if she’s innocent?, is this a realistic long term plan?

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24
Q

what are the pros & cons of allowing MQoS freedom?

A

pros: no catholic violence
cons: claim to the throne, threat of invasion, figurehead for potential plots

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25
Q

what are the pros & cons of executing MQoS?

A

pros: no plots, no claim to throne (she’s dead)
cons: catholic anger, instability, regicide

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26
Q

what were the causes of the Northern Rebellion?

A
  • northern nobles were upset
  • MQoS was a catalyst, as a clear alternative which offered them hope, and gave them motivation to go through with it
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27
Q

why were the northern nobles upset, leading to the northern rebellion?

A
  • religious: they were catholic & wanted catholicism under a catholic monarch
  • economic and political: earl of northumberland had land confiscated from him by Liz, & shared out between his main rivals (1 in the north & a southern protestant) & Liz claimed all the profits from the coal mines on his estate
  • political: Liz had reduced their power & increased her control; council of the north helped govern the region, but now controlled by southern protestants
  • they blamed Liz’s advisors & felt that the Privy Council (especially Cecil) was too powerful - wanted to get rid of ‘evil councillors’ & replace them with more sympathetic men
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28
Q

describe the events of the northern rebellion

A
  • 1569: Duke of Norfolk (wealthiest landowner in England) planned to marry MQoS & have her recognised as Liz’s heir - he was supported by Catholic nobles such as Northumberland and Westmorland
  • plan was uncovered & they feared execution
  • rebelled & tried to overthrow Liz
  • Nov: the Earls captured Durham & celebrated Catholic mass in the cathedral then marched south to Tutbury, Derbyshire, where MQoS was
  • were forced into a retreat by the large royal army
  • deserters fled to Scotland
  • little mercy was shown; Northumberland & 400 rebel troops were executed whilst Westmorland fled abroad however Norfolk was just imprisoned
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29
Q

why did the Northern rebellion fail?

A
  • they expected reinforcements, promised by the Spanish ambassador, that never came ⇒ the spanish didn’t like MQoS’ French links
  • started out of frustration & disloyalty, without clear goal & strategy
  • most catholics & nobility remained loyal to Liz
  • key Northern towns remained loyal, & when the army moved north, its status reinforced order & discipline
  • the papal bull had not come through yet, which had been anticipated to coincide with the rebellion
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30
Q

what was the impact of the Northern Rebellion on Liz and her government?

A
  • reminded them of the threat that some catholics posed, despite the settlement
  • increased pressure to execute MQoS, increasing the tension between Liz and her govt
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31
Q

what was the impact of the Northern Rebellion on Catholics?

A

even though most weren’t involved, suspicion still grew, even before 1570, and some felt restrictions needed to increase

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32
Q

how did the Northern Rebellion impact Protestants?

A

increased their fear of catholics & they increased their pressure to deal with them harshly

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33
Q

what was the impact of the Northern Rebellion on english nobles?

A
  • fracture between Liz & the noble class
  • worried about liz distrusting them even though they were loyal
  • pressure put on the northern nobility as liz wanted more control
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34
Q

what were the 3 main catholic plots?

A
  • Ridolfi Plot 1571
  • Throckmorton Plot 1583
  • Babington Plot 1586
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35
Q

what happened in the Ridolfi plot?

A
  • Norfolk released to house arrest after 10 months (after Northern Rebellion)
  • Ridolfi was a catholic banker from Florence who lived in London & wanted to restore catholicism
  • planned that spanish troops from the netherlands would support another rebellion; liz would be murdered & replaced by MQoS who would then marry Norfolk
  • plot exposed by walsingham
  • ridolfi was abroad & escaped but norfolk was arrested & found guilty of treason. parliament pushed for both MQoS & norfolk to be executed, but only norfolk was
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36
Q

what were the consequences of the Ridolfi Plot?

A
  • Increased suspicion and paranoia
  • shows plots needed MQoS to put her on the throne - otherwise, would have to have a spanish invasion and put a spanish princess on the throne
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37
Q

what happened in the Throckmorton Plot?

A
  • aimed to free MQoS from house arrest, make her queen in place of Elizabeth, & legally restore Roman Catholicism
  • Spanish-backed (papal money) invasion of England, led by the French Duke of Guise (french catholic force), supported by a simultaneous revolt of English Roman Catholics (seminary priests). Guise would then marry Mary & become king.
  • throckmorton acted as an intermediary between MQoS & foreign powers
  • walsingham discovered the plot & throckmorton was placed under surveillance for 6 months before being executed
  • MQoS got away due to lack of evidence
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38
Q

what were the consequences of the Throckmorton plot?

A

led to Bond of Association act 1584

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39
Q

what were the events of the Babington plot?

A
  • MQoS was deeply isolated and resentful due to a stricter imprisonment, perhaps to push her to another plot
  • Sir Anthony Babington was Catholic Jesuit priest who organised a new plot
  • letters written in code & smuggled to and from MQoS
  • they planned to put mary on throne, kill liz, & restore catholicism using a spanish invasion
  • all letters intercepted by walsingham
  • 17th July 1586 MQoS wrote a letter approving the plot & consenting to Liz’s assassination
  • spetember 1586, babington & 6 other conspirators killed
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40
Q

what happened during MQoS trial and execution?

A
  • Oct 1586 MQoS went on trial before a court of 36 noblemen, including walsingham & cecil
  • MQoS criticised that she hadn’t been allowed to look at evidence against her & as a foreign queen, she couldn’t be guilty of treason but this had little impact
  • 25th oct, was sentenced to death but liz was reluctant to execute her - worried about KPII or James VI seeking revenge
  • 1st Feb signed death warrant
  • 8th Feb executed at Fotheringhay Castle (more isolated - away from london and the coast)
  • signing officially witnessed by earls of shrewsbury & kent
  • liz was angry & briefly imprisoned PC who delivered death warrant
  • the trial was to symbolise her guilt, not prove it
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41
Q

what were actions of catholic resistance under Liz?

A
  • Papal bull 1570
  • the english mission
  • the jesuits
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42
Q

what was the Papal Bull 1570?

A
  • excommunication of liz by the pope from the church
  • ordered catholics to disobey her and become traitors
  • pope advised people not to go to protestant services
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43
Q

what was the impact of the Papal Bull?

A
  • undermined liz’s authority
  • led to the 1571 Treason Act
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44
Q

what was the 1571 Treason Act?

A
  • denying Liz’s supremacy or bringing the Papal Bull into England now punishable by death
  • anyone who left england for over 6 months had their land confiscated to prevent english catholics going abroad to train
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45
Q

what was the English Mission?

A
  • 1568 the english catholic cardinal, william allen (involved in throckmorton plot & spanish armada), established a seminary at Douai in Spanish Netherlands to train priests
  • funded & supported by KPII & backed by the pope, who thought Allen was a key figure in his plans to revert england to catholicism
46
Q

what was the impact of the English Mission?

A
  • 1574 first priests arrived
  • undermined her settlement
  • laws against any catholic priest who was ordained after 1559 - him & any protectors faced death
  • led to 1571 treason act
47
Q

who were Jesuit priests?

A
  • had training and sent as educators
  • 1540 Society of Jesuits established - the ‘counter-reformation’ hoped to bring people back to catholicism
  • first arrived 1580 - sent to gain influence over rich and powerful families & turn them against liz & the protestant church so they would help smuggle priests into england
48
Q

who was Edmund Campion?

A
  • brave and charismatic leader
  • arrived in 1580 & went to lancashire where catholicism was strongest
  • moved to london to hold services in homes of important catholic families
  • became a wanted man as authorities thought he wanted rebellion, but he just wanted to spread catholicism
  • executed november 1581 - he had forced liz to become more extreme which increased risk of martyrdom
49
Q

what was the impact of Jesuit priests?

A
  • 1581 recusancy fined increased to £20 & strictly enforced - it was now high treason to convert to catholicism
  • 1585 Act against Jesuits and Seminary Priests - all driven out of england in 40 days & many (120) executed
  • seen as a threat to liz’s rule
50
Q

what was st bartholomew’s day massacre 1572?

A
  • 1000s of protestants killed in paris
  • walsingham almost died
  • worried the bloodlust would spread to england
51
Q

how did foreign powers interfere in the catholic threat?

A
  • france and spain supported jesuit missionaries & gave financial support to those who wanted to get rid of elizabeth
  • helped KPII set up the Douai seminary
  • by 1585 there had been 3 plots against liz & in 1584 the Dutch protestant leader, William the Silent, was assassinated by a catholic
52
Q

what was the Bond Of Association 1584?

A

if Liz was murdered, anyone associated couldn’t benefit from her death ie MQoS couldn’t be queen

53
Q

what was the State of Confinement 1593?

A

no catholic recusant could travel over 5 miles from their home - helped catholics a bit, as if govt is harsher, they can recruit more

54
Q

what was the overall outcome of the catholic threat?

A
  • it had become managable as by the end of her reign, ~10% of the population were catholic sympathisers and ~2% were recusants
  • the pope had annoyed english catholics by appointing a jesuit, George Blackwell, as ‘Archpriest’ of england, even though he was unpopular
  • as some catholics did commit treason, it reinforced the idea that catholicism was dangerous, unpatriotic, and foreign
55
Q

who were puritans?

A
  • strict protestants influenced by people like John Calvin
  • some lived in exile in europe under mary the first
  • keen to remove all catholic elements
56
Q

what were the aims of puritans?

A
  • saw the settlement as a ‘step’ in purifying the church
  • thought all priests should be well-educated so they could preach; this was unusual, as many priests lacked education and didn’t preach at all - they encouraged the education of ordinary people too
57
Q

who were powerful puritan figures?

A
  • some were appointed as bishops by liz; some argued over robes but by 1568 most had agreed to wear white surplice
  • walsingham; kept his views to himself as he knew they may make him unpopular
  • dudley; unwilling to risk his position by openly challenging the church
58
Q

what did Presbyterians do?

A
  • questioned the settlement & the need for bishops, who actually helped liz run the church
  • 1570s held popular prophesyings where they discussed the bible and often had criticisms of the queen and religious policies too
59
Q

who were John Greenwood and Henry Barrow?

A
  • wrote several treatises in defence of separatism & congregational independency - entrusted to friends & sent to the Netherlands for publication.
  • leaders of a new separatist church
  • hung 1593 for “devising and circulating seditious books”
  • There is some evidence that Lord Treasurer Burghley endeavoured to save their lives & was frustrated by Whitgift and other bishops
60
Q

who were Peter Wentworth and Anthony Cope?

A
  • Presbyterian MPs who tried to bring change by introducing bills to parliament, but they didn’t get much support
  • both were repeatedly imprisoned in the Tower of London for opposing the royal prerogative
61
Q

who was John Field?

A
  • was so strident in his criticisms of the Church of England that he was debarred from preaching for eight years, from 1571 to 1579.
  • was insistent on changing the Act of Uniformity to purge what he regarded as Catholic tendencies in British practice.
  • 1572, unable to effect any change, wrote ‘A View of Popish Abuses yet remaining in the English Church’ - bitter & harsh in its satire and complaint, & was published abroad with Thomas Wilcox’s ‘Admonition to Parliament’. Both Wilcox and Field were sentenced to a year’s imprisonment for the publication and breaking the Act of Uniformity.
  • 1585, was barred from preaching
62
Q

what were the rebellious actions of Puritans/Protestants?

A
  • bishops complained about vestments but, despite initial arguments, most accepted them & after 1566 it was clear refusal would cost them their jobs
  • 1580 est. Separatist group - the ‘Brownists’ - whose leader, Robert Browne, was arrested
  • puritan ideas began to be debated in parliament
  • wrote pamphlets
63
Q

who was Thomas Cartwright?

A
  • lectured at Cambridge - 1570 called for a change to the settlement, removal of bishops, & stated that he didn’t acknowledge Liz as Supreme Governor
  • summoned before the High Commission and imprisoned in 1590 & 1591 but was not treated harshly, & his influence soon secured his release
64
Q

how did puritan ideas begin to be debated in parliament?

A

1571 walter strickland (leader of the puritan group in parliament) spoke of reforming the settlement (reform new Prayer Book & ban clergy vestments - the Vestarian Controversy) - Elizabeth silenced him by closing Parliament so his ideas could not be discussed.

65
Q

how did Liz respond when puritan ideas began to be debated in parliament?

A
  • she became angry & rejected any bills from Puritans
  • 1576 MPs no longer allowed to discuss religion without permission
66
Q

what puritan pamphlets were written, and how did the gvt respond?

A
  • 2 pamphlets criticising the structure and beliefs of the church published
  • in response, 1572 puritan printing presses destroyed
  • even more extreme pamphlets produced using secret presses
  • censorship introduced so any discovered pamphlets or presses were destroyed
67
Q

who was John Stubbs?

A

a puritan who published a pamphlet criticising marriage negotiations with france & had his right hand cut off

68
Q

what were the Marprelate Tracts?

A

accused liz of having catholic sympathies & called for a reorganisation of the church, but the disrespectful tone turned many people away from puritanism

69
Q

who was Edmund Grindal?

A
  • Archbishop of Canterbury from 1575-83
  • puritan who encouraged Presbyterians, challenging Liz from inside her own govt.
  • Liz told him to ban prophesyings but he protested. She suspended him, suggested he resign, & 200 Puritan priests were expelled from their roles. Grindal then apologised & was reinstated.
  • was later suspended & put under house arrest for 7 years until his death
70
Q

who was John Whitgift?

A
  • replaced Edmund Grindal as Archbishop of Canterbury
  • a loyal puritan who put politics above religion
71
Q

what did Joh Whitgift do as Archbishop of Canterbury?

A
  • 1583 issued ‘3 Articles’ forcing all clergymen to swear absolute conformity to the settlement - 300 ministers suspended as they didn’t agree
  • banned unlicensed preaching
  • increased recusancy fines
72
Q

what was the act against seditious sectaries, 1593?

A

authorities can execute anyone on suspicion of being a separatist

73
Q

why did tensions increase between spain and england?

A
  • Religious differences
  • Marriage rejection
  • Piracy
  • The civil war in France
  • Spain supported Catholic plots
  • The Dutch Revolt - rebellion in the netherlands
74
Q

how did religious differences increase tensions between spain and england?

A
  • Spain was Catholic & England Protestant
  • had become more obvious in 1559 settlement
  • religious differences had always been there & KPII had no direct action for 25 years - even when Liz was excommunicated in 1570, he did nothing
  • KPII didn’t want MQoS on the throne either as this may ally France & England; he cared more about politics than religion
  • spanish ambassador involved in plots in 1570s & ’80s
  • KPII disliked 1570s increase in penalties for catholics - he saw his life’s work as restoring catholicism
75
Q

how did the marriage rejection increase tensions between spain and england?

A
  • KPII had been married to Elizabeth’s sister, Mary I & when she died he offered to marry Elizabeth but she rejected him.
  • KPII was deeply disappointed as he had hoped it would reduce chances of war & keep england catholic & not ally with france
  • did remain on good terms after a number of years, suggesting it wasn’t a big deal
76
Q

how did piracy increase tensions between spain and england?

A
  • English sailors like Hawkins & Drake attacked & stole treasure from Spanish ships in the New World.
  • King Philip was furious but Elizabeth encouraged & rewarded adventurers.
  • however this occurred years before the armada
  • english sailors illegally traded with spanish settlers
  • 1572, drake stole 20,000 silver and 1579, 140000
77
Q

how did the civil war in france increase tensions between spain and england?

A
  • France was the traditional enemy of both England & Spain, meaning that they united together against the country. Now France was in civil war it was preoccupied with its own issues & no longer posed a threat – so the alliance between Spain and England was not necessary anymore.
  • also meant spain could attack england without interference
78
Q

how did the spanish support of catholic plots increase tensions between spain and england?

A

There was evidence of Spanish support for plots to restore Catholicism to England, particularly involving getting Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne and Elizabeth off.

79
Q

what was the Dutch Revolt?

A
  • 1572 - Protestants in the Netherlands began a revolt against Spanish rule
  • Liz secretly supported the Dutch rebels by sending weapons and allowing rebels ships to shelter in english ports because she knew the Dutch revolt would keep the Spanish too busy to threaten England
  • william of orange assassinated & following his death, Elizabeth was approached to become Queen of the Dutch. She declined but sent an army - treaty of nonsuch (1585) promised military assistance
  • Liz sent an army of 7000, under Dudley, to help the Dutch rebels fight Spain which slowed the spanish .
80
Q

how did the Dutch Revolt increase tensions between spain and england?

A
  • England was interfering in a dutch and spanish war
  • For the first time English and Spanish armies were fighting each other
81
Q

why were the Netherlands so important?

A
  • were ruled by Spain but the English saw them as a vital place for trade and thought the spanish could use them as a base to launch and invasion from.
  • by 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt.
82
Q

who was the commander of the spanish armada?

A

Duke of Medina Sidonia - little experience of sailing

83
Q

who was the commander of the english fleet?

A

Lord Howard of Effingham – little experience of fighting at sea, but Drake and Hawkins were both very experienced.

84
Q

what was the fleet of the spanish armada like?

A

130 ships - 64 battleships, 22 huge galleons and 45 converted merchant ships.

85
Q

what was the english fleet like?

A

200 ships - 54 strong, light and fast battleships, and 140 converted merchant ships.

86
Q

how many men did the spanish armada have?

A

30,000 men on board the fleet and 20,000 soldiers on land.

87
Q

how many men did the english fleet have?

A

14,000 men on board the fleet and 20,000 soldiers on land.

88
Q

what were the food supplies of the spanish armada like?

A

Not fresh – six months’ worth of supplies were stored on the ships.

89
Q

what were the food supplies of the english fleet like?

A

Fresh food supplied daily.

90
Q

what was the weaponry of the spanish armada?

A

2,000 large cannon – could fire heavy cannon balls, but only over a short distance and were slow to load.

91
Q

what was the weaponry of the english fleet?

A

200 smaller cannon – could fire over long distance and were quick to load.

92
Q

what tactics for fighting at sea did the spanish armada use?

A

Get close so men could board and capture the enemy ships.

93
Q

what tactics for fighting at sea did the english fleet use?

A

Destroy enemy ships by firing cannon at them from a distance.

94
Q

what was the annual income of the spanish armada?

A

£3 million

95
Q

what was the annual income of the english fleet?

A

£300,000. Parliament did grant Elizabeth taxes to top this up.

96
Q

what new technology was available for naval warfare?

A
  • astrolabe: increased accuracy & helped prepare better
  • lateen: new triangular sail for faster travel & manoeuvrability so ships could travel further & were batter in raids * battles
  • more powerful cannons so could shoot from a distance & didn’t have to board ship
97
Q

what new tactics were used in naval warfare?

A
  • fireship: sent wooden ship on fire into enemy fleet
  • raids: take enemy parts & treasure by surprise, to be stolen before enemy fights back
  • line of battle: ships form a single line & fire together
98
Q

why was the english fleet that size?

A
  • HVIII spent a fortune to protect england (so did KPII) and under hawkins and liz, it continued to grow
  • tudor ships built to fight, not just get to battle
99
Q

describe the plan of the spanish armada

A
  • 1588: 151 ships, 7000 sailors & 18000 soldiers to sail to the netherlands to collect more men (as parma’s army was the best in europe) & invade england in an unbreakable crescent formation
  • KPII was over-confident and filled his ships with weapons ready for land battles when they arrived
100
Q

why was the spanish armada led by the duke of medina sedonia?

A

KPII respected his high social status & trusted him to obey instructions (however, he had little military or naval experience & so tried to turn down the command)

101
Q

what happened in Apr 1587 when Drake attacked Cadiz?

A
  • destroyed 30 ships & seized tonnes of supplies; ‘singeing KPII’s beard’ - kept attacking them, preventing & angering them
  • took planks from seasoned wood (needed to make food & water barrels) so had to use unseasoned wood which didn’t preserve food & water very well - illness & affected morale
  • armada delayed more than a year as getting new supplies & weapons was very expensive - strained finances
102
Q

describe the events of the spanish armada

A
  • 28 May 1588: Armada left Lisbon & was delayed by storms & repairs
  • 21 July: finally set sail for England
  • Armada sighted by English from Lizard Point in Cornwall. Warning beacons lit along English coastline.
  • 3-4th august: Armada continued through English Channel chased by English ships & suffered heavy cannon fire off the isle of wight - had hoped to anchor there but couldnt - english fired 6x more cannon balls than the spanish, & from further away, out of their range
  • 6th august: Armada anchored near Calais where more troops were meant to join, led by the Duke of Parma - there was a miscommunication & the troops were delayed
  • 7th august: Drake sent 8 burning fire ships into the fleet. Spanish ships panicked & were scattered out of formation.
  • 8th August: Spanish ships blown towards dangerous sandbanks & English attacked again in Battle of Gravelines. This time they battled at close range - english fired constantly from a distance of 100 metres - & significant damage was inflicted to the Spanish fleet (5 sank)
  • Armada forced north around east coast of Britain & the English fleet turned back after food & ammunition supplies ran low.
  • Armada set sail for home but were forced around Scotland & Ireland. Many ships were wrecked in storms & 1000s of sailors drowned. rotten food, polluted water, & no maps for northern britain
  • 65 surviving Spanish ships arrived back in Spain
103
Q

what were some reasons why the armada failed?

A
  • Leaders
  • Planning
  • No reinforcements
  • Tactics
  • Ships
  • Weapons
  • Weather
104
Q

how did the leaders lead to the failure of the armada?

A
  • KPII consulted military commanders but ignored suggestions criticisms & concerns whereas liz left the key decisions to her commanders & her team worked & communicated & trusted & listened to each other
  • Duke of Medina Sidonia was inexperienced in naval battle & so made some fatal errors in his planning & tactics.
105
Q

how did the planning lead to the failure of the armada?

A
  • The strength of the Spanish fleet came from its crescent formation plan but when the English broke this up with their fire ships, the Spanish became vulnerable & exposed to attack.
  • the plan with the duke of parma was too complicated
  • duke of parma didn’t have any deep sea ports in the netherlands so had to use lots of small ships which took 48 hrs to load, man & set sail
  • took at least 1 week for a message to reach parma & he wasn’t ready when the message finally did get through
106
Q

how did the lack of reinforcements contribute to the failure of the armada?

A

Spanish plan relied on stopping to pick up Duke of Parma’s army to boost their numbers, but the fleet was unable to anchor & so never picked them up.

107
Q

how did spanish tactics contribute to the failure of the armada?

A

Spanish tactics were to get close enough to English ships to board them, whereas the English tactic was to attack from a safe distance.

108
Q

how did the ships contribute to the failure of the armada?

A
  • Spanish ships were slower & less equipped for the bad weather than the English ships.
  • inferior wood & rotten supplies (drake’s good leadership) - when the english engaged the armada, they had already been at sea for over 10 weeks
109
Q

how did the weaponry contribute to the failure of the armada?

A

The English ships had cannons they could fire at a safe distance & could be reloaded quickly. The design of the Spanish cannon meant that they could only fire over short distances and were slow to re-load.

110
Q

how did the weather contribute to the failure of the armada?

A

The lack of a secure port where the Spanish could take shelter meant that the Spanish ships were buffeted by the wind. The thinking was that God intervened and the windy weather was a sign that God was on Elizabeth’s side.

111
Q

what were the casualties caused by the spanish armada?

A
  • England lost just 100 men & no ships, compared the 20,000 men & 51 ships lost by the Spanish.
  • However several thousand english men died from illness & disease in the weeks following the battle.
112
Q

what were the consequences of the spanish armada?

A
  • england’s independence has been safeguarded; was now seen as a strong country & this could prevent future wars with other countries
  • protestantism was preserved in england; the weather affecting the armada was seen as an act of god so catholics stayed loyal to liz (also didn’t want england run by a spaniard)
  • national pride was boosted; unity from defeating a major global power
  • england became a naval power & liz built up the navy for the rest of her reign
  • war with spain dragged on with further armadas being sent but there was little appetite in spain
  • english continued to attack spanish ships and ports

Elizabeth (6 decks)

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