Tropical forests 2: Molecular ecology Flashcards

1
Q

What is molecular ecology?

A

The use of molecular genetic tools to study ecological questions

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2
Q

What is assessed using molecular ecology?

A

Genetic diversity within and genetic differentiation among individuals/populations/species

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3
Q

Give six examples of markers that are used in molecular ecology

A

Allozymes, microsatellites, mitochondrial DNA, nuclear sequences, single nucleotide polymorphisms, whole genomes

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4
Q

What are microsatellites and why are they useful?

A

Short set of repeated DNA sequences on a chromosome. They have a high mutation rate, allowing the detection of more recent events.

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5
Q

What is mitochondrial DNA?

A

Small circular chromosome in the mitochondria that encodes genes used in energy production

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6
Q

Why is mitochondrial DNA useful?

A

It is maternally inherited and does not undergo recombination (can sequence haplotypes), is easy to amplify, and often has a higher mutation rate

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7
Q

What are two disadvantages of the use of mitochondrial DNA?

A

Genetic introgression between closely related species (passed between newly formed species by breeding). Copies can move to the nuclear genome and form pseudogenes

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8
Q

What are the four steps of the polymerase chain reaction to amplify a material?

A

1: denaturing (separating strands)
2: primer (short complimentary DNA strands bound to material)
3: polymerase fills in other strand (add nucleotides)
4: purification and sequencing

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9
Q

What is assumed when determining conservation measures?

A

That we know biodiversity level and what species are present

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10
Q

How can cryptic species be revealed?

A

Molecular tools e.g. DNA barcoding

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11
Q

What does DNA barcoding use?

A

A short DNA sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome gene

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12
Q

Why is the mitochondrial cytochrome gene used in DNA barcoding?

A

It has sufficient mutational differences to distinguish different species

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13
Q

Why are chloroplast genes used in the DNA barcoding of plants?

A

Because plant mitochondrial DNA is less variable

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14
Q

What is used in DNA barcoding to detect different species?

A

The gap in genetic distance

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15
Q

Name three limitations of DNA barcoding

A

Mitochondrial introgression, variable mutation rates, high divergence can accumulate quickly in bottlenecked populations

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16
Q

What is phylogeography?

A

The study of the principles and processes that govern the geographic distribution of genealogical lineages

17
Q

What can phylogeography determine?

A

Past movements of a species and how they attained their present distributions

18
Q

Give two examples of trends and periods that have had major effects on the spatial distribution of genetic diversity

A

Late Pliocene cooling and Pleistocene ice ages

19
Q

What are refugia?

A

Habitats in which a population of organisms can survive through a period of unfavourable conditions, especially glaciation

20
Q

Give three examples of areas of refugia

A

Iberia, Italy, Balkans

21
Q

Give an example of two areas that have closely related haplotypes, despite being separated by mountain ranges

A

Northern and central Europe and the Balkans

22
Q
A