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Pharmacology > Trivia Cards > Flashcards

Trivia Cards Flashcards

1
Q

True or False?
Nitroglycerin causes peripheral vasodilation to cause blood pooling and reduce preload.

A

True

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2
Q

True or false?
Nitroglycerin causes profound coronary artery and sinus vasodilation.

A

False

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3
Q

How does metoprolol work as an antiarrhythmic?

A

It blocks catecholamines at beta I adrenergic receptors.

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4
Q

How does Lasix work?

A

It inhibits sodium and potassium ion reabsorption in the loop of Henle.

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5
Q

How does amiodarone work?

A

It blocks potassium channels and prolongs repolarization increasing the refractory period and stopping re-entry.

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6
Q

What is Atorvastatin?

A

It is an HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitor that is used for high cholesterol.

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7
Q

How do angiotensin receptor blockers work?

A

They inhibit angiotensin receptors.

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8
Q

Name an angiotensin receptor blocker.

A

Losartan, Candesartan, Irbesartan, Telmisartan, Valsartan

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9
Q

How does Salmetrol work?

A

It is a long-acting Beta 2 agonist.

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10
Q

How does salbutamol work?

A

It is a short acting Beta 2 agonist.

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11
Q

How does Tiotropium Bromide work?

A

It is a cholinergic (muscarinic) antagonist.

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12
Q

What is the underlying pathophysiology behind extrapyramidal side effects?

A

Dopamine receptor antagonist in the nigrostriatal pathway.

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13
Q

How is chlorprozamine classed?

A

Antipsychotic.

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14
Q

What is dystonia?

A

Involuntary sustained muscle contractions of the face, neck, jaw or back.

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15
Q

What is pseudo-parkinsonism?

A

Tremors and bradykinesia.

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16
Q

What is akathisia?

A

Physical restlessness and anxiety.

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17
Q

What is dyskinesia?

A

Involuntary repetitive movements like lip smacking, tongue darting, chewing movements, rapid blinking.

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18
Q

What is clonazepam?

A

A benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety.

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19
Q

How does Warfarin work?

A

It is a vitamin K antagonist.

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20
Q

How does Heparin work?

A

Heparin works by enhancing the activity of antithrombin III.

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21
Q

How does Dabigatran work?

A

Works by directly binding to thrombin, an enzyme that plays a central role in the blood clotting process.

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22
Q

How do Rivaroxaban and Apixaban work?

A

They work by targeting and inhibiting factor Xa in the coagulation cascade.

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23
Q

How does tPA work?

A

Converts plasminogen into plasmin, an enzyme that breaks down fibrin.

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24
Q

How does Aspirin work as a platelet aggregate inhibitor?

A

It inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which reduces the production of thromboxane A2.

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25
Q

How does Plavix work?

A

It id an ADP receptor inhibitor and prevents ADP from activating platelets.

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26
Q

How does Abciximab work?

A

It blocks the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor on platelets, inhibiting platelet aggregation.

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27
Q

How does Tranexamic Acid work?

A

Inhibit the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, an enzyme that breaks down fibrin clots.

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28
Q

What is citalopram and how does it work?

A

An antidepressant that works by inhibiting the reuptake of seratonin.

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29
Q

What is lorazepam used for?

A

To treat anxiety disorders and promote sleep/sedation.

30
Q

How are Verapimil and Diltiazem classed?

A

They are calcium channel blockers.

31
Q

How do diuretics work to lower blood pressure?

A

They alter the balance of sodium and water in the vasculature.

32
Q

How does prazosin work?

A

It is an alpha 1 blocker and promote vasodilation to lower blood pressure.

33
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?

A

They inhibit the enzyme to prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

34
Q

What is the antidote for a warfarin overdose?

A

Vitamin K.

35
Q

What is the antidote for a digoxin overdose?

A

Digibind.

36
Q

What is the antidote for an acetaminophen overdose?

A

Acetylcysteine.

37
Q

How does digoxin affect inotropy and chronotropy?

A

In increases inotropy and decreases chronotropy without increasing myocardial oxygen demand.

38
Q

How do calcium channel blockers work?

A

They block L-type calcium channels, slowing conduction in the SA and AV nodes and reducing heart rate.

39
Q

Why are corticosteroids given for acute episodes of respiratory disease?

A

They inhibit the production of cytokines to reduce bronchiole activity.

40
Q

Which class of antidepressants react poorly with tyramine or dopamine containing foods?

A

MAO inhibitors.

41
Q

What is serotonin syndrome?

A

A life-threatening condition that results from increased CNS serotonergic activity.

42
Q

How does the antipsychotic olanzapine work?

A

It selectively blocks dopamine receptors.

43
Q

How is theophylline classified?

A

It is a methylxanthine.

44
Q

How is isoproterenol classified?

A

It is a non-selective beta-agonist.

45
Q

How is Zafirlukast classified?

A

It is a leukotriene inhibitor.

46
Q

How does the antidepressant Duloxetine work?

A

It inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in the CNS.

47
Q

How is Temazepam classified?

A

It is a benzodiazepine.

48
Q

How is chlordiazepoxide classified?

A

It is a benzodiazepine.

49
Q

What are the mechanisms that cause dysrhythmias?

A

Abnormal pacemakers or abnormal conduction.

50
Q

What antiarrhythmic is indicated for termination of Torsade des Pointes?

A

Magnesium Sulfate.

51
Q

How do thiazide diuretics work?

A

They inhibit the sodium/chloride cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule.

52
Q

What is Mannitol used to manage?

A

Reducing intracranial pressure or treating acute kidney failure.

53
Q

How does Mannitol work?

A

It increases the osmolarity of the blood and renal filtrate, drawing water into the urine.

54
Q

Where do Methyldopa and Clonidine work?

A

They both work on alpha receptors in the CNS to reduce sympathetic outflow.

55
Q

Clonidine and Methyldopa are both alpha 2 adrenergic agonists. What makes them different?

A

Methyldopa is a prodrug.

56
Q

How are Prozosin and Terazosin classified?

A

They are alpha blockers.

57
Q

Why is hydralazine paired with a beta blocker?

A

It causes sympathetic stimulation, so tachycardia is a side effect.

58
Q

What is hydralazine classified as?

A

It is a direct vasodilator.

59
Q

What does nitric oxide do to blood vessels?

A

It is a potent vasodilator.

60
Q

How are bradykinins implicated in control of blood pressure?

A

They lower blood pressure.

61
Q

Why is nitroglycerin administered sublingually?

A

Avoids first pass effect and increases bioavailability.

62
Q

How is spironolactone classified?

A

It id an aldosterone antagonist.

63
Q

How does Spironolactone work?

A

It inhibits aldosterone. This promotes extraction of sodium and water.

64
Q

What is Guaifenesin?

A

It is an expectorant.

65
Q

How is dextromethorphan classified?

A

It is a non-opioid antitussive.
(Cough suppressant)

66
Q

How to antitussives work?

A

They inhibit the cough reflex.

67
Q

How is Risperidone classified?

A

It is a second-generation antipsychotic.

68
Q

How does Risperidone work?

A

It inhibits the D2 dopaminergic receptors and 5-HT2A serotonergic receptors in the brain.

69
Q

How is Citalopram classified?

A

It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

70
Q

What is Lorazepam’s mechanism of action?

A

It increases the frequency of opening of chloride ion channels in neurons to cause hyperpolarization.

71
Q

What is Phenobarbital’s mechanism of action?

A

It increases the duration of opening of chloride ion channels in neurons to cause hyperpolarization.

72
Q

How is phenylephrine classified?

A

It is an alpha 1 adrenergic agonist.

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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