tricky ones

Question 1

EEG vs ERP

Answer 1

EEG = electroencephalo gram - measures electrical activity in the brain using small metal discs placed on the scalp

ERP - Event related potetials - measures the brains response (timing of response) to stimuli by averaging brain activity over many trials

Question 2

astrocytes

Answer 2

fill space between neurons - regulate the spread of NTS

Question 3

oligodendrocytes

Answer 3

produce myelin

Question 4

microglia

Answer 4

remove debris from the nervous system

Question 5

broadmann’s map

Answer 5

map using cytoarchitectonuics to map neurons of the brain, grouping them based on similar shape and size

Question 6

PD vs Huntingtons

Answer 6

PD is a neurodegenerative disease due to a lack of dopamine causing degeneration of the substantia nigra. symptoms include rigidity, disruption of posture, bradykinesia, tremor at rest.

Huntingtons is a genetic disease causing jerky dance like movements which are more elaborate than the PD tremor at rest. Speaking and purposeful movement are difficult. Degeneration of the basal ganglia

Question 7

two theories of emotion

Answer 7

constructed emotion theory - brain anticipates changes in environment and develops emotions to maintain allostasis

somatic marker theory - emotion is the result of the bodys reaction to stimuli

Question 8

akinotopsia

Answer 8

motion blindness - due to damage in the V5/middle temporal region

Question 9

importance of the phineas gage case study

Answer 9

pipe through frontal lobe led to extreme personality changes - first case to suggest the link between brain injury and personality

Question 10

speech dorsal vs ventral pathway

Answer 10

dorsal - articulation (phonological)

ventral - semantics (word meaning/understanding)

Question 11

left hemisphere vs right hemisphere in language processing

Answer 11

left hemisphere is better at identifying words, syntax, producing speech

right hemisphere - detects emotional tone, prosody, humour, sarcasm

Question 12

aphasia

Answer 12

language disorders in speech

Question 13

brocas aphasia

Answer 13

inability to produce speech - left frontal lobe - intact comprehension

Question 14

wernickes aphasia

Answer 14

produces fluent but non-sensical speech - comprehension impaired - damaged left tempero/parietal lobe

Question 15

conduction aphasia

Answer 15

impaired repetition - cannot repeat words back - damage to articulate fasciculus - disconnect between brocas and wernickes area

Question 16

transcortical motor aphasia

Answer 16

similar to brocas - speech production impaired but they can parot words back - echolia

Question 17

phonological alexia

Answer 17

can only use the whole word route to read - can read familiar words

Question 18

surface alexia

Answer 18

can only use phonological - cannot read irregular words “yacht”

Question 19

left ear advantage

Answer 19

better at emotional tone / rhythym

Question 20

right ear advantage

Answer 20

better at detecting specific words

Question 21

physiology of phobias

Answer 21

anxious somatic sensation due in response to specific stimuli due to dysfunction of the amygdala

Question 22

frontoparietal attentional networks (three systems)

Answer 22

posterior attentional system - orientation of our attention in space (where we look)

anterior attentional system - what we need to focus on

vigilance system - prepares and sustains alertness towards high priority stimuli

Question 23

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in attention

Answer 23

involved in maintaining attention on important things / filtering distractors

Question 24

cingulate cortex in attention

Answer 24

selective attention

Question 25

damage to this area and depletion of this neurotransmitter

Answer 25

right frontal lobe damage combined with depletion of NE

Question 26

three models of conciousness

Answer 26

1. consciousness as the privileged role of specific brain structures
2. Consciousness as the integration of otherwise distinct brain systems
3. Consciousness as graded neural information processing

Question 27

thrombotic stroke

Answer 27

plaque built up to stop blood flows

Question 28

embolic stroke

Answer 28

blood clot stops blood flow

Question 29

sulcus

Answer 29

shallow cleft in brain

Question 30

gyrus

Answer 30

ridge in cortex

Question 31

primary motor cortex is also called

Answer 31

the precentral gyrus

Question 32

temporal lobe is responsible for

Answer 32

auditory processing