tricky ones Flashcards
EEG vs ERP
EEG = electroencephalo gram - measures electrical activity in the brain using small metal discs placed on the scalp
ERP - Event related potetials - measures the brains response (timing of response) to stimuli by averaging brain activity over many trials
astrocytes
fill space between neurons - regulate the spread of NTS
oligodendrocytes
produce myelin
microglia
remove debris from the nervous system
broadmann’s map
map using cytoarchitectonuics to map neurons of the brain, grouping them based on similar shape and size
PD vs Huntingtons
PD is a neurodegenerative disease due to a lack of dopamine causing degeneration of the substantia nigra. symptoms include rigidity, disruption of posture, bradykinesia, tremor at rest.
Huntingtons is a genetic disease causing jerky dance like movements which are more elaborate than the PD tremor at rest. Speaking and purposeful movement are difficult. Degeneration of the basal ganglia
two theories of emotion
constructed emotion theory - brain anticipates changes in environment and develops emotions to maintain allostasis
somatic marker theory - emotion is the result of the bodys reaction to stimuli
akinotopsia
motion blindness - due to damage in the V5/middle temporal region
importance of the phineas gage case study
pipe through frontal lobe led to extreme personality changes - first case to suggest the link between brain injury and personality
speech dorsal vs ventral pathway
dorsal - articulation (phonological)
ventral - semantics (word meaning/understanding)
left hemisphere vs right hemisphere in language processing
left hemisphere is better at identifying words, syntax, producing speech
right hemisphere - detects emotional tone, prosody, humour, sarcasm
aphasia
language disorders in speech
brocas aphasia
inability to produce speech - left frontal lobe - intact comprehension
wernickes aphasia
produces fluent but non-sensical speech - comprehension impaired - damaged left tempero/parietal lobe
conduction aphasia
impaired repetition - cannot repeat words back - damage to articulate fasciculus - disconnect between brocas and wernickes area
transcortical motor aphasia
similar to brocas - speech production impaired but they can parot words back - echolia
phonological alexia
can only use the whole word route to read - can read familiar words
surface alexia
can only use phonological - cannot read irregular words “yacht”
left ear advantage
better at emotional tone / rhythym
right ear advantage
better at detecting specific words
physiology of phobias
anxious somatic sensation due in response to specific stimuli due to dysfunction of the amygdala
frontoparietal attentional networks (three systems)
posterior attentional system - orientation of our attention in space (where we look)
anterior attentional system - what we need to focus on
vigilance system - prepares and sustains alertness towards high priority stimuli
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in attention
involved in maintaining attention on important things / filtering distractors
cingulate cortex in attention
selective attention
damage to this area and depletion of this neurotransmitter
right frontal lobe damage combined with depletion of NE
three models of conciousness
- consciousness as the privileged role of specific brain structures
- Consciousness as the integration of otherwise distinct brain systems
- Consciousness as graded neural information processing
thrombotic stroke
plaque built up to stop blood flows
embolic stroke
blood clot stops blood flow
sulcus
shallow cleft in brain
gyrus
ridge in cortex
primary motor cortex is also called
the precentral gyrus
temporal lobe is responsible for
auditory processing
