Final Flashcards
attention is the state of focused awareness on a ____ of available perceptual info
subset
three stages of attention
disengage - take attention away from current focus
shift - move attention from one item to another
engage - lock attentional focus onto a new item
voluntary selective attention
attention shifted between inputs intentionally
reflexive selective attention
shifts in attention occurring in response to an external event
overt attention
what you are DIRECTLY looking at (involves your eye movements)
covert attention
attention something that you are not directly looking at (not associated with eye movements)
is the cocktail party effect limited to auditory stimuli
no, works with visual stimuli too
endogenous control of attention
deliberately paying attention to something
exogenous control of attention
attention directed to something reflexively
what is emotion
an internal state and involuntary physiological response to an object or situation
two components of emotion
the physical sensation and the cognitive experience
what is affect
the conscious, subjective mental feeling about a stimulus coming from the self-monitoring of physiological changes and subjective cognitive states
posterior attentional system
the part of the frontoparietal attentional network concerned with orienting attention in space (where do we want to focus?)
anterior attentional system
the part of the frontoparietal attentional network concerned with the conscious control of attention to decide what stimuli you need to focus on?
vigilance system
the part of the frontoparietal attentional network concerned with the preparation and sustainment of alertness towards signals that demand high priority
parietal lobe is involved in this part of attention
the shifts of attention in space (where we are paying attention)
damage to this brain area in combination with deficits of this neurotransmitter may cause inability to maintain alert states/maintain vigilance
damage to the right frontal area and deficits in NE (depletion of NE in right hemisphere causes deficits in arousal and alertness)
inattentional blindness
a failure to notice or at least report a stimulus that would be easily reportable if you were paying attention
change blindness
a change in a visual stimulus that is introduced that the observer doesnt notice
difference between mood and emotion
emotion is more sudden and intense reactions whereas mood is more diffuse and tends to last longer
theory of constructed emotion
the brain anticipates what is upcoming to prepare accordingly to maintain allostasis (internal stability despite changing conditions)`
somatic marker hypothesis of emotion
emotion is the result of the change in the body following a stimulus, therefore reduced bodily response to a stimulus should result in reduced emotional intensity
neglect disorder (in attention)
the inability to attend to or respond to stimuli in the visual field opposite (contralesional) to that which has a lesion. typically the neglect of the left visual field after damage to the right parietal lobe. Patients end up neglecting the left side of their own body and world.
right hemisphere hypothesis of emotion
the right hemisphere is dominant for ALL emotions
valence hypothesis of emotion
suggests that the left hemisphere is dominant for positive emotions and the right hemisphere is dominant for negative emotions
support from lesion studies for the valence hypothesis of emotion
right hemisphere damage associated with positive mood changes and pathological laughter, whereas left hemisphere damage is associated with negative mood changes, increased crying
support for the right hemisphere hypothesis of emotion
studies of healthy control patients indicate that people are faster to identify emotion in the left visual field and there is no difference for positive or negative emotions
simultaneous extinction (attention disorder)
the subject is presented with two objects at the same time but notice and report only one of the objects - inability to perceive simultaneous stimuli and only report the one on the right - a milder form of neglect
chimeric face test
a face with two different people on either side - left half of face is different than the right - displaying two different emotions - used to test facial emotional processing - people tend to be more accurate at assessing the faces on the left visual field
people with ADHD have a deficit in
selective attention
three subtypes of ADHD
inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, combined
left ear advantage in emotional prosody
better at identifying emotional tones
right ear advantage
better at identifying specific words
consciousness
the level of responsiveness of the mind to impressions made by the senses - not dichotomous (it is not a case of conscious or not
three theoretical models of consciousness
- consciousness is the privileged role of particular neural structures - there is a single structure (or set of structures) responsible for consciousness (frontal lobe, pineal lobe, cingulate cortex)
- consciousness as a state of integration between otherwise distinct brain systems - lack of awareness results from disconnection of brain regions that make up the consciousness network
- consciousness as a graded property of neural information processing - consciousness is not all or none
REM sleep
low voltage fast changes in EEG - dreams - paralyzed - sleepwalking
REM behaviour disorder
act out dreams often violently
Comprehension of speech is the role of ___ area
Wernicke’s area
production of speech is the role of ____ area
Broca’s area
Dorsal stream for language
phonemes - phonological information for articulation - how to say something
Ventral stream for language
semantic information - understanding the meaning of words
most people have language-dominant ____ hemispheres
left hemisphere is language dominant
role of the left hemisphere in language
identifying written words, understanding syntax, produce speech
role of the right hemisphere in language
determine the theme of the conversation
responsible for humour
interpret body language and non-verbal sounds
sarcasm, emotional intention
rhythm and cadence
what is meant by the speech feedback loop
your brain constantly is monitoring your voice in real time to make your speech coherent - you use your brocas area to produce your speech while you use your Wernicke’s area to monitor it
Wada test for speech
Anesthetizing one hemisphere of the brain while leaving the other active, if the patient can speak while one side is asleep, the other side must contain the principal language area
agraphia
language disorder in writing
Broca’s aphasia
inability to produce fluent speech despite relatively intact speech comprehension and voice
speech limited to verbs and nouns (telegraphic speech)
Left frontal lobe damage
not a problem with vocal muscles or general intelligence. they can carry out verbal commands indicating they understand speech
Wernicke’s aphasia
damage to the left temporal or parietal lobe - produce fluent but nonsensical speech while the patient seems completely unaware that what they are saying is wrong
problem linking a sound to meaning
experiences comprehension deficits
T/F wernicke’s area is always at the same location
false - the location of Wernicke’s area is much more variable than brocas area
conduction aphasia
inability to shuttle information between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
- repetition is impaired cannot repeat back what was said to them - can comprehend and produce speech otherwise
what are the arcuate fasciculus
the white matter tracts connecting Broca’s and wernicke’s areas
transcortical motor aphasia
similar to broca’s aphasia - normal speech production is impaired but they can repeat words or phrases normally - may have Echolalia - the compulsion to repeat something they just heard
pure word deafness
inability to comprehend speech but they can perceive and recognize other non-verbal sounds. All speech sounds like a foreign language. Their reading, writing, and speech production is wrong
is visual language processing different from speech/auditory language processing
yes it develops later and requires considerable effort to learn
describe the dual route model of reading
text is interpreted either via the Phonological route (sounding it out) or the whole word route (where you have a mental dictionary/lexicon where you just automatically know and recognize a word)
alexia (inability to read) and agraphia (inability to write) may occur simultaneously after damage to this brain area
the angular gyrus
phonological alexia
the inability to map phonemes onto graphemes - cannot sound out words to say them but will know how to say familiar words
damage to dorsal brain regions
surface alexia
impaired reading of irregular words (ex - yacht) due to disruption of the whole word route - uses the phonological route to read regular words
damage to the ventral brain regions
aprosodia
loss of ability to produce or comprehend prosody in speech (right hemisphere damage)
cortical structures involved in emotion
limbic system - expression and perception of emotional states
insula (fold between the frontal and temporal lobes) - empathy, love, disgust, fear and phobias,
prefrontal cortex - regulation of emotional behaviour and anticipating the consequences of actions
cingulate cortex - thinking about how we are feeling - resolving conflict between physical and emotional states
hippocampus - personal or episodic memories with emotional content - creates an emotional replay of the past
subcortical structures involved in emotion
amygdala - negative emotions but especially fear
hypothalamus - physiological response to the emotion
olfactory bulb - carries messages abt a smell directly to limbic areas
brain activation of psychopaths
lower activation of brain regions associated with emotional processing
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
a lack of affect and no response to previously threatening stimuli - reduced fear, heightened aggression
- lesions of medial temporal lobe
what was special about patient SM
woman w no fear - exclusive and complete bilateral amygdala destruction - no fear response
capgras syndrome
where a person thinks a loved one has been replaced with an imposter
- abnormal emotional response to seeing a loved one
depression is linked to decreases in
dopamine, NE, serotonin
luicid dreaming brain regions
prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe allows the dreamer to be concious
psychoactive drugs
chemical that changes the states of consciousness - particularly perceptions and mood
- influence how neurotransmitters work
transcendental meditation
mind settles inward until you transcend to a state of pure consciousness
trance state
altered state of consciousness that may be induced by hypnosis, drugs, or ritual
aka “slain in the spirit” - individual falls to the floor during religious ecstasy
ideomotor effect
ones muscles move subconsciously when the movement is an expected one
ex - moving a ouija board pointer because you expect it to move but you swear you were not the one moving it
claustrum
possible neural region for the coordination of conscious awareness - might be dysfunctional in people who are in a coma or vegetative state
brain response of people in vegetative state when people talk to them
- auditory cortex is activated by people speaking to them as well as non-sense sentences
- frontal-temporal activation is consistent with regular language processing - so only active when normal sentences were being said
classifications of TBI
severity
mechanism (closed or penetrating head injury)
location
TBI most common in
younger males
signs and symptoms of TBI
they are variable and depend on the severity of the injury but common impairments include interruptions in executive skill, short term memory, concentration, severe injury can lead to comas
are closed or open head injuries better
open head injuries are typically better because damage is usually localized whereas closed head injuries can be much more diffuse
coup injuries from TBI
damage sustained directly under the site of impact
countrecoup injuries from TBI
damage sustained on the side opposite the impact
how do we asses TBI
neuroimaging to some extent but behavioural assessments are more valuable
glasgow coma scale
Glasgow Coma Scale
a scale used to quantify consciousness - rates a patient on three aspects:
1 - eye opening
2 - motor response
3 - verbal response
a score less than 8 is a severe head injury
9-12 is moderate head injury
13+ mild head injury
benign vs malignant tumour
benign - non-cancerous, slow growing, encapsulated, do not metastasize
malignant - cancerous, fast growing, non-encapsulated metastasize
gliomas
brain tumour formed within the brain and spinal cord which have originated from the glial cells
most common type of brain tumour
glioblastoma
fast growing and non-encapsulated tumour
astrocytoma
benign - slow growing and encapsulated brain tumour
medullablastoma
malignant fast growing brain tumour in the brain stem region - more common in children
meningioma
tumour of the meninges - most often benign
metastatic tumours
those that begin elsewhere in the body but spread to the brain via the blood stream
most common term for cerebrovascular disorder
stroke
ischemic stroke
blood is not going where it needs to
hemorrhagic stroke
blood is going where it shouldnt - blood spilling out - ruptured aneurysm
what is an infarct (stroke)
the area not receiving blood
thrombotic stroke
a type of ischemic stroke caused by a build up of plaque on the artery walls
embolic stroke
a clot that was carried throughout the blood stream gets stuck in an artery and disrupts blood flow
intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke
blood leaking deep in the brain
subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke
blood pooling on top of brain under the arachnid layer of the meninges putting pressure on the brain
treatment for ischemic stroke
tissue plasminogen activator - tPA
- dissolves clot and improves blood flow to the part of the brain being deprived of blood
mechanical devices
- tool will trap the clot and breaks it or pulls it out of the brain
treatment for hemorrhagic stroke
find cause of bleeding and control it using surgical clips or coils inserted into aneurysms or surgery to remove the bleeding vessel and the blood that has spilled into the brain
arteriovenous malformations (AVM)
a tangle of blood vessels in the brain or abnormal connections between arteries and veins
meningitis
infection of the meninges causing fever, headache, vomiting, muscle pain and fever - stiff neck - the feet and hands are often cold
neurotoxins
substances that destroy nervous system tissue (ex - pesticides, fuel, have metals). might cause mood swings, muscle twitches, insomnia, etc - depends on the substance
most common psychiatric illness
epilepsy
epilepsy caused by
excessive excitatory neural activity
epilepsy is confirmed by (which test)
EEG - electroencephalography
T/F not all seizures involve convulsions
true
aura in seizures
subjective (different for everyone) sensation, perception, or motor experience associated with seizure onset
antiepileptoc drugs enhance….
GABAergic neurotransmission
surgery for epilepsy may be used when
the focus is localized - often in the left temporal lobe
EEG, EMG, and EOG are used to study what in sleep disorders
brain activity, muscle activity, and eye movements
cataplexy
loss of muscle tone or sudden paralysis during which the patient is conscious - characteristic feature of narcolepsy
narcolepsy can be treated by
stimulants and antidepressants
insomnia EEG and EMG would show
less REM sleep, more muscle movement during sleep
transient insomnia
less than a week
acute insomnia
up to a month - often resolves when a stressor is removed
chronic insomnia
at least 3 nights per week for 3 months or longer
hypnagogic hallucinations
hallucinations that occur while falling asleep or waking up
four major symptoms of parkinsons
tremor at rest
rigidity
disturbance of posture
bradykinesia (slowed movement)
neuropathology of parkinsons neuro
neurodegeneration of substantia nigra due to depletion of dopamine
Huntington’s disease
shrinkage/deterioration of the basal ganglia leading to k=jerky, coordinated yet involuntary movements - speech and purposeful movements is hard. the movements here are larger and more complex than the tremors in parkinsons
Huntington’s genetics
dominant gene on chromosome 4 responsible for the formation of the Huntington protein
