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SUM: Med 1 Biochem > Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle & Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (TCA Cycle) Chip 9 > Flashcards

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle & Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (TCA Cycle) Chip 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What does TCA Cycle stand for

A

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle-also called the Citric Acid Cycle

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2
Q

What is TCA Cycle

A

Plays several roles in the metabolism
It is the final pathway where the oxidative catabolism of Carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Fatty Acids converge.

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3
Q

What happens to Carb/AA/Fatty acids as they converge

A

Their carbon skeletons is being converted to CO2

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4
Q

T/F Oxidation in the TCA Cycle provides energy for the production of the majority of ATP in most animals

A

True

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5
Q

Where does the TCA Cycle take place

A

Mitochondria

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6
Q

Electron transport reactions taking place in Mitochondria

A

Oxidize the reduced coenzymes (NADH & FADH2) produced by the cycle

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7
Q

TCA is considered Aerobic or Anaerobic pathway & why

A

Aerobic Pathway

BC= O2 is required as the final electron acceptor

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8
Q

What are the 8 intermediates involved in the TCA cycle

A
  1. Oxalacetate
  2. Citrate
  3. Isocitrate
  4. Alpha-Ketoglutamate
  5. Succinyl-CoA
  6. Succinate
  7. Fumarate
  8. Malate
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9
Q

What are the 8 Enzymes involved in the TCA cycle

A
  1. Citrate synthase
  2. Aconitase
  3. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDM)
  4. Alpha Ketaglutarate Dehydrogenase
  5. Succinate Thiokinase
  6. Succinate Dehydrogenase
  7. Fumarase
  8. Malate Dehydrogenase (DMH)
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10
Q

Intermediates Mneumonics

A

Our City Is Kept Safe & Secure From Mobsters

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11
Q

Which pathway leads to Pyruvate formation ?

A

Glycolysis of Glucose a 6 Carbon compound splitting in to 2 molecules of Pyruvate

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12
Q

How many carbon compounds are there in Pyruvate

A

3 Carbon Compounds

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13
Q

In Step 1:

Pyruvate is converted to what intermediate

A

Acetyl-CoA

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14
Q

In step 1:
What is the process of Pyruvate and First intermediate formation?
Name the 1th intermediate being formed

A

Acetyl-CoA

Oxidation of Pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA

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15
Q

What Enzyme is responsible for Oxidation of Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA?

A

Enzyme Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

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16
Q

How many Carbons in Acetyl-CoA

A

2 Carbon Compound

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17
Q

In Step 1 Reacton what is being generated

A

Molecule of CO2 & NADH is generated

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18
Q

In Step 2: Acetyl CoA combines with what Intermediate

A

Oxaloacetate (4 Carbon Molecule)

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19
Q

What intermediate is formed once Acetyl CoA combines with Oxaloacetate

A

Citrate (6 Carbon Molecule)

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20
Q

Combining of Acetyl CoA & Oxaloacetate to form Citrate is catalyzed by what Enzyme

A

Citrate Synthase

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21
Q

Citrate is isomarized into what intermediate

A

Isocitrate

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22
Q

What Enzyme isomarizes Citrate into Isocitrate

A

Aconitase

23
Q

Isocitrate is then oxidized into what?

A

Alph-Ketoglutamate (5 carbon compound)

24
Q

What Enzyme is used to irreversibly oxidize decarboxylation of Isocitrate into Alpha-Ketoglutamate

A

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Rate limiting step
Enzyme is allosterically activated by ADP (low energy signal) & CO2 inhibited by ATP & NADH

25
Q

In the reaction between Isocitrate and Alpha- Ketoglutamate..what products are being reduced and generated

A

In this reaction:

A molecule of NAD+ is reduced into NADH & a molecule of CO2 is generated

26
Q

What is Apha-Ketoglutamate converted into

A

Succinyl-CoA (4 Carbon Compound)

27
Q

What enzyme is used to convert Apha-Ketoglutamate into Succinyl-CoA

A

Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase

28
Q

In the reaction between Alpha-Ketoglutamate & Succinyl-CoA…what product is being lost or gained

A

1 Molecule of Carbon in lost into CO2

Molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH & molecule of CO2 is released

29
Q

Succinyl-CoA is converted into what ?

A

Succinate

30
Q

What Enzyme is used to convert Succinyl-CoA to Succinate?

A

Succinil CoA Synthase

31
Q

In the reaction between Succinyl-CoA & Succinate…what molecules are reduced or generated?

A

A molecule of GTP is generated

GTP + ADP — GDP + ATP

32
Q

What is GTP

A

Guanosine Triphosphate
Has a ribose sugar and 3 phosphates
Involved in energy transfer within the cell

33
Q

What is Succinate oxidized to

A

Fumarate

34
Q

What Enzyme is used to convert Succinate into Fumarate

A

Succinate Dehydrogenase

35
Q

In the reaction between Succinate and Fumarate…what molecules are being generated or reduced

A

As FAD (its coenzyme) is reduced to FADH2

36
Q

What is Fumarate hydrated to

A

Malate

Freely reversible reaction

37
Q

What Enzyme is used to catalyze Fumarate into Malate

A

Fumarase

38
Q

What is Malate oxidized to

A

Oxaloacetate

39
Q

What is the last step of TCA cycle?

A

The conversion of Malate into Oxaloacetate

40
Q

What Enzyme is used to convert Malate into Oxaloacetate

A

Malate Dehydrogenase

41
Q

In the conversion of Malate into Oxaloacetate…what products are being generated or reduced

A

NAD+ is reduced into NADH

Reacton is positive, however rxn is driven in the direction of OAA by the highly exergonic Citrate Synthase reaction

42
Q

What are the Single generated results of the Kreb Cycle

A

3 Molecules of NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
2 CO2

43
Q

Since Glucose is split into 2 Pyruvate Compounds for each molecule of Glucose this Cycle has to run how many times and what are the Final Generated Compounds

A 
Cycle runs X2: generating
6 Molecules of NADH
2 FADH2
2 GTP
4 CO2
Number of ATP produced= 12 ATP/Acetyl CoA oxidized
44
Q

What happens to the FADH2 & NADH generated compounds

A

Both compounds are sent to the Electron Transport Chain for generation of ATP

45
Q

What is PDH

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
A multienzyme complex…contains 5 coenzymes that acti as carriers or oxidants for the intermediates
PDH supplies Substrate for TCA cycle

46
Q

What are the ramifications if PDF is inactive?

A

Brain cells are unable to produce sufficient ATP (via TCA Cycle) therefore causing serious Centra Nervous System issues.

47
Q

What is the medical condition caused as a result of inactive PDF and insufficient ATP formation in the CNS

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff :
Encephalopathy-psychosis syndrome due to Thiamine & Niacin Deficiency
Additionally : Alcohol abuse

48
Q

Pyruvate is a potent inhibitor of

A

PDH kinase

49
Q

Calcium (CA2+) is a strong activator of

A

PDH Phospatase

50
Q

What happens in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex deficiency

A

The inability to convert Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA…causing Pyruvate to be shunted to lactate via lactate Dehydrogenase- causing issues for the brain

51
Q

What are the symptoms of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase deficiency

A

Variable symptoms, including Neurodegeneration: muscles spasticity, and in the neonatal onset form, early death.
X linked dominant (X linked since both M & F are affected)
No treatment
Dietary restrictions to Carbohydrates & supplementation with thiamine may reduce symptoms in selected pt’s

52
Q

Leigh Syndrome

A

Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy a reare progressive neurodegenerativ edisordeer cause by defects in mitochondrial ATP production primarily as a result of mutation in genes nota code for proteins of PDH complex the electron transport chain or ATP synthase.
Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA can be affected

53
Q

Lipoamide

A

Lipoamide is an intermediate in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), alanine, aspartate and pyruvate metabolism, and valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation
It is generated from dihydrolipoamide via the enzyme dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase

SUM: Med 1 Biochem (12 decks)

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