Open Questions Final Practice Test Flashcards
What vitamins is s cofactors in both Gluconeogenesis and Fatty Acid Synthesis
Biotin (B7)
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
What is the name of Vitamin B2 & what Coenzymes are derived from this Vitamin
Riboflavin
(FAD+, FMN)
Flavin Adenine Dinucloetide & Flavin mononucleotide
Which 2 Clinical Symptoms are associated with Thiamine deficiency
Peripheral Neuropathy & Psychosis
Heart Failure
Muscle paralysis
(Wernicke Korsakoff)
Name two pathways that utilize Folate as a cofactor
Methionine Synthesis, Histidine Degradation
Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis De Novo
Serine conversion to Glycine
What are the 2 common clinical consequences of Vitamin B12 deficiency
Methyl Malonyl accumulation
Secondary Folate Deficiency
“Methyl Trap” -Megaloblastic Anemia
Progressive peripheral neuropathy due to myelin degradation
What type of reactions use coenzymes derived from Vitamin B3
Oxidation-Reduction by Dehydrogenase (NAD+, NADH0 oxidation-reduction by Reductase (NADPH, NADP)
What is the function of chylomicrons
Chylomicrons are packaged in the enterocytes to transfer dietary lipids (90% TAGs) to the lymph and then to extra-hepatic tissues especially Adipose tissues to be degraded and stored (during well fed state)
What does ADA mean and what disease is a result of ADA deficiency
Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency:
It leads to accumulation of dATP which inhibits Ribonucleotide Reductase and leads to Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Serum levels of what substance are increased in Lesh-Nyahan syndrome
Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase deficiency will cause accumulation of Uric Acid
What nucleotides make up the purine nucleotides
Guanosine and Adenosine
How many carbon atoms does cholesterol have
27 Carbon all from Acetyl-CoA
Where is the body are bile acids produced
Bile acids are produced in the liver, in a multi-organelle system
What compounds may accumulate in the lens of the eye and cause cataracts
Sorbitol & Galactitol by Aldose Reductase- they attract water
Melatonin is produced from
Serotonin, Acetyl-CoA and SAM
Tryptophan ?
What is Methemoglobin and how elevated levels of it are manifested
Methemoglobin results from the presence of iron in the ferric form instead of the usual ferrous form.
Neurological and Cardiac symptoms arise as a consequence fo hypoxia.
Methemoglobin is Oxidized Hb (Fe3+)
Manifested= by Brown-Cyanotic (Chocolate Cyanosis) Discoloration of skin and blood.
Mild hypoxia, headache, fatigue, dyspnea
Which enzyme is used in clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction
LDH1 (Lactate Dehydrogenase)
CK-MB (Creatine Kinase)
AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
What anemia is associated with Thalassemia
Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
What are the two most common types of protein secondary structures and how are they joined together
Alpha helix & Beta sheet
Both structures are held in shape by hydrogen bonds, which form between carbonyl O of one amino acid and the Amino H of another.
Which biochemical process are regulated by Citrate
Citrate will accumulate in Kreb Cycle when Isocitrate is high and will stimulate Fatty Acid Synthesis (Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase) Induce Glycolysis (Phosphofructokinase 1)
What is Ceramide
Ceramide is Sphingosine Backbone + Fatty Acid
Catecholamines include & they are synthesized from what
Neurotransmitters:
DOPA, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, synthesized from Tyrosine by Tyrosine Hydroxylase
Acetyl-CoA is used as a substrate for which process
TCA Cycle, Ketogenesis, Fatty Acid Synthesis, Cholesterol DE-Novo Synthesis
Give examples of biochemical processes that are regulated by feedback inhibition
PRPP Synthesis PRPP Aminotransferase ALA Synthase Glycogen Phosphorylase Hexokinase Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Which enzyme forms a link between glycolysis and TCA cycle
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (TFNLC Enzyme)
Orotic Acid is an intermediate in what
Pyrimidine Synthesis
List the names of 5 Lysosomal Storage Diseases
Pope’s Tay Sachs Hurler Hunter Gaucher Krabbe Fabry Nice Ann Pick
Tangier Disease is
Hypolipoproteinemia,
No HDl is being produced due to absence of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter 1 (CERP 1, ABCA 1).
Blood cholesterol low.
CE accumulation in Spleen, Liver, bone marrow and more
Explain what is Cori Cycle
Lactate Recycling- Formation of Lactate from Pyruvate in Skeletal Muscles and Erythrocytes which is recycled in the liver and Heart to Pyruvate and used in Glycolosys/Gluconeogenesis
What is the biochemical role of coenzyme A (CoA)
CoA is used as an Acyl Group carrier to transfer it between mitochondria and cytoplasm
Bile acids are conjugated to what
Glycine & Taurine
What are cerebrosides and what are their structural constituents
Cerebroside is a Glycosphingolipid
Constituents are Ceramide (Sphingosine + Fatty Acid) and a sugar (Glucose/Galactose)
Hyperlipoproteinemia type III is caused by
APO-E genetic defect causing ruminants disease, they are not up-taken by the liver and are not degraded
Characteristic metabolic changes in Type I diabetes include
Hyperglycemia causing Glycosylation of proteins, Glucagon causes gluconeogenesis,
TG and Fatty Acid Degradation and Ketone Bodies formation, glycogenolysis, Sorbitol over formation causing long term effects
Respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants is caused by
Lack of surfactants (Di-Palmitoyl-Phosphatidyl-Choline) which normally covers the alveolar walls and decreases surface tension
Give the examples of enzymes which are regulated by reversible covalent modification
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Glycogen Synthase, PhosphoFructoKinase2, Hormone Sensitive Lipase, Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase, PDH Complex (E1)
What is the product of Purine De Novo Synthesis and Pyrimidine Denovo Synthesis
Purines – Guanosine-Monophosphate, Adenosine-Monophosphate.
Pyrimidines – Cytidine-Monophosphate, Uridine-Monophosphate, deoxyThymidine-Monophosphate.
What is the role of Carnitine
Carnitine role is to transfer Fatty Acyl from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria.
Carnitine Acyl Transferase 1 attaches carnitine to Fatty Acyl instead of CoA.
Translocase moves it across, CAT2 detaches Carnitine and reattaches CoA
Histamine is produced form ————— by what type of reaction
Histidine by Decarboxylation reaction By Histidine Decarboxylase (and PLP, Vit B6).
What is value kM and what does kM stand for
Michaelis constant Km is defined as the substrate concentration at 1/2 the maximum velocity
What are the 6 classes of enzymes
Oxidoreductase Transferases Ligament Isomerases Lease Hydrolases
