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SUM: Med 1 Biochem > Open Questions Final Practice Test > Flashcards

Open Questions Final Practice Test Flashcards

1
Q

What vitamins is s cofactors in both Gluconeogenesis and Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Biotin (B7)
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

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2
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B2 & what Coenzymes are derived from this Vitamin

A

Riboflavin
(FAD+, FMN)
Flavin Adenine Dinucloetide & Flavin mononucleotide

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3
Q

Which 2 Clinical Symptoms are associated with Thiamine deficiency

A

Peripheral Neuropathy & Psychosis
Heart Failure
Muscle paralysis
(Wernicke Korsakoff)

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4
Q

Name two pathways that utilize Folate as a cofactor

A

Methionine Synthesis, Histidine Degradation
Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis De Novo
Serine conversion to Glycine

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5
Q

What are the 2 common clinical consequences of Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Methyl Malonyl accumulation
Secondary Folate Deficiency
“Methyl Trap” -Megaloblastic Anemia
Progressive peripheral neuropathy due to myelin degradation

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6
Q

What type of reactions use coenzymes derived from Vitamin B3

A

Oxidation-Reduction by Dehydrogenase (NAD+, NADH0 oxidation-reduction by Reductase (NADPH, NADP)

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7
Q

What is the function of chylomicrons

A

Chylomicrons are packaged in the enterocytes to transfer dietary lipids (90% TAGs) to the lymph and then to extra-hepatic tissues especially Adipose tissues to be degraded and stored (during well fed state)

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8
Q

What does ADA mean and what disease is a result of ADA deficiency

A

Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency:
It leads to accumulation of dATP which inhibits Ribonucleotide Reductase and leads to Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

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9
Q

Serum levels of what substance are increased in Lesh-Nyahan syndrome

A

Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase deficiency will cause accumulation of Uric Acid

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10
Q

What nucleotides make up the purine nucleotides

A

Guanosine and Adenosine

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11
Q

How many carbon atoms does cholesterol have

A

27 Carbon all from Acetyl-CoA

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12
Q

Where is the body are bile acids produced

A

Bile acids are produced in the liver, in a multi-organelle system

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13
Q

What compounds may accumulate in the lens of the eye and cause cataracts

A

Sorbitol & Galactitol by Aldose Reductase- they attract water

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14
Q

Melatonin is produced from

A

Serotonin, Acetyl-CoA and SAM

Tryptophan ?

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15
Q

What is Methemoglobin and how elevated levels of it are manifested

A

Methemoglobin results from the presence of iron in the ferric form instead of the usual ferrous form.
Neurological and Cardiac symptoms arise as a consequence fo hypoxia.

Methemoglobin is Oxidized Hb (Fe3+)
Manifested= by Brown-Cyanotic (Chocolate Cyanosis) Discoloration of skin and blood.
Mild hypoxia, headache, fatigue, dyspnea

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16
Q

Which enzyme is used in clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction

A

LDH1 (Lactate Dehydrogenase)
CK-MB (Creatine Kinase)
AST (aspartate aminotransferase)

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17
Q

What anemia is associated with Thalassemia

A

Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia

18
Q

What are the two most common types of protein secondary structures and how are they joined together

A

Alpha helix & Beta sheet
Both structures are held in shape by hydrogen bonds, which form between carbonyl O of one amino acid and the Amino H of another.

19
Q

Which biochemical process are regulated by Citrate

A 
Citrate will accumulate in Kreb Cycle when Isocitrate is high and will stimulate Fatty Acid Synthesis (Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase) 
Induce Glycolysis (Phosphofructokinase 1)
20
Q

What is Ceramide

A

Ceramide is Sphingosine Backbone + Fatty Acid

21
Q

Catecholamines include & they are synthesized from what

A

Neurotransmitters:

DOPA, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, synthesized from Tyrosine by Tyrosine Hydroxylase

22
Q

Acetyl-CoA is used as a substrate for which process

A

TCA Cycle, Ketogenesis, Fatty Acid Synthesis, Cholesterol DE-Novo Synthesis

23
Q

Give examples of biochemical processes that are regulated by feedback inhibition

A 
PRPP Synthesis
PRPP Aminotransferase 
ALA Synthase
Glycogen Phosphorylase 
Hexokinase
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
24
Q

Which enzyme forms a link between glycolysis and TCA cycle

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (TFNLC Enzyme)

25
Q

Orotic Acid is an intermediate in what

A

Pyrimidine Synthesis

26
Q

List the names of 5 Lysosomal Storage Diseases

A 
Pope’s 
Tay Sachs
Hurler
Hunter
Gaucher 
Krabbe
Fabry 
Nice Ann Pick
27
Q

Tangier Disease is

A

Hypolipoproteinemia,
No HDl is being produced due to absence of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter 1 (CERP 1, ABCA 1).
Blood cholesterol low.
CE accumulation in Spleen, Liver, bone marrow and more

28
Q

Explain what is Cori Cycle

A

Lactate Recycling- Formation of Lactate from Pyruvate in Skeletal Muscles and Erythrocytes which is recycled in the liver and Heart to Pyruvate and used in Glycolosys/Gluconeogenesis

29
Q

What is the biochemical role of coenzyme A (CoA)

A

CoA is used as an Acyl Group carrier to transfer it between mitochondria and cytoplasm

30
Q

Bile acids are conjugated to what

A

Glycine & Taurine

31
Q

What are cerebrosides and what are their structural constituents

A

Cerebroside is a Glycosphingolipid

Constituents are Ceramide (Sphingosine + Fatty Acid) and a sugar (Glucose/Galactose)

32
Q

Hyperlipoproteinemia type III is caused by

A

APO-E genetic defect causing ruminants disease, they are not up-taken by the liver and are not degraded

33
Q

Characteristic metabolic changes in Type I diabetes include

A

Hyperglycemia causing Glycosylation of proteins, Glucagon causes gluconeogenesis,
TG and Fatty Acid Degradation and Ketone Bodies formation, glycogenolysis, Sorbitol over formation causing long term effects

34
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants is caused by

A

Lack of surfactants (Di-Palmitoyl-Phosphatidyl-Choline) which normally covers the alveolar walls and decreases surface tension

35
Q

Give the examples of enzymes which are regulated by reversible covalent modification

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase, Glycogen Synthase, PhosphoFructoKinase2, Hormone Sensitive Lipase, Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase, PDH Complex (E1)

36
Q

What is the product of Purine De Novo Synthesis and Pyrimidine Denovo Synthesis

A

Purines – Guanosine-Monophosphate, Adenosine-Monophosphate.

Pyrimidines – Cytidine-Monophosphate, Uridine-Monophosphate, deoxyThymidine-Monophosphate.

37
Q

What is the role of Carnitine

A

Carnitine role is to transfer Fatty Acyl from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria.

Carnitine Acyl Transferase 1 attaches carnitine to Fatty Acyl instead of CoA.
Translocase moves it across, CAT2 detaches Carnitine and reattaches CoA

38
Q

Histamine is produced form ————— by what type of reaction

A

Histidine by Decarboxylation reaction By Histidine Decarboxylase (and PLP, Vit B6).

39
Q

What is value kM and what does kM stand for

A

Michaelis constant Km is defined as the substrate concentration at 1/2 the maximum velocity

40
Q

What are the 6 classes of enzymes

A 
Oxidoreductase
Transferases
Ligament
Isomerases 
Lease 
Hydrolases

SUM: Med 1 Biochem (12 decks)

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