Tri 2 Chapter 3 Flashcards
Ad hominem
Switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker
Ad populum
Bandwagon appeal, “everyone’s doing it”
Appeal to false authority
When someone who has no experience to speak on an issue is cited as an authority
Argument
Persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from claim to conclusion
Assumption
Assuming something
Bandwagon appeal
“Everyone’s doing it”
Begging the question
Claim based on evidence or support that is in doubt
Circular reasoning
When the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence. “You can’t give me a C, I’m an A student!”
Claim
States the arguments main idea or position. Has to be arguable
Claim of fact
True/ not true
Claim of policy
Proposes change
Claim of value
Good / bad, right / wrong
Classical oration
Five part argument used by classical rhetoricians.
- introduction
- narration
- confirmation
- refutation
- conclusion
Narration
Provides factual information and background info
Confirmation
Proof
Refutation
Addresses counter argument
Closed thesis
Statement of main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make
Deduction
Ex.
Major premise: exercise contributes to better health
Minor premise: yoga is a type of exercise
Either/ or
Speaker give two extreme options that are the only possible choices
Faulty analogy
Comparing two things that aren’t comparable
First hand evidence
Based on what the writer knows
Hasty generalization
When the conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence
Induction
Logical process Ex. Regular exercise promotes weight loss Exercise lowers stress levels Exercise improves mood and outlook Generalization: exercise contributes to better health
Logical fallacy
Potential weaknesses in an argument
Open thesis
One that does not list the points
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Something doesn’t always happen because of something that happened earlier
Ex. We elected Johnson as president and look where it got us: hurricanes, floods, stock market crashes.
Qualifier
Uses words like “usually” “probably” “maybe” “in most cases” and “most likely”
Quantitative evidence
Includes things that can be measured
Rebuttal
Gives possible objections
Rogerian arguments
Based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential
Second hand evidence
Accessed through research
Straw man
Oversimplifying
Syllogism
Logical structure that uses the major premise and minor reach a necessary conclusion
Toulmin model
An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments (5)
Warrant
Expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and audience
