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Para FINALS ! > Trematodes (book) > Flashcards

Trematodes (book) Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum of trematodes

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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2
Q

T/F: Most trematodes are dioecious

A

F. Most are hermaphroditic (except blood flukes)

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3
Q

Common shape and symmetry of trematodes

A

Leaf-shaped and bilaterally symmetrical

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4
Q

Largest human parasite belonging to trematoda

A

Fasciolopsis buski

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5
Q

Smallest human parasite belonging to trematoda

A

Heterophyes heterophyes

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6
Q

2 types of two suckers/attachment organs or trematodes

A

Oral sucker (anterior portion; for nutrition)
Ventral sucker/Acetabulum (posterior; for attachment)

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7
Q

The third sucker in nematodes is also known as _____ and is only present in _____ for copulation

A

Genital sucker/gonotyl; Heterophyes

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8
Q

The two intestinal ceca of trematodes run _____ (perpendicular or parallel) to each other

A

parallel

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9
Q

T/F: trematodes have nervous system

A

T

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10
Q

Which stage of the trematode emerges from the egg?

A

Miracidium

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11
Q

T/F: Zinc-sulfate technique is recommended for trematodes

A

F. The eggs rupture and fail to float

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12
Q

Enumerate the life cycle of trematodes

A

Miracidium > Cercaria > Metacercaria

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13
Q

Identify the stage: a larva developed after the eggs are laid

A

Miracidium

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14
Q

Identify the stage: liberation of large numbers of larvae

A

Cercariae

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15
Q

Common name of Clonorchis sinensis

A

Chinese/Oriental liver fluke

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16
Q

Identify the fluke: it is broadest in the midportion of the body, tapering toward both ends

A

Clonorchis sinensis Adult

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17
Q

Identify the fluke: “spatula-like” appearance

A

Clonorchis sinensis Adult

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18
Q

Identify the fluke: “old-fashioned light bulb”

A

Clonorchis sinensis Egg

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19
Q

1st IH of C. sinensis

A

Mollusks/Snails (Parafossarulus, Bulinus, Semisulcospira, Alocinma, Thiara, Melanoides)

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20
Q

2nd IH of C. sinensis

A

Freshwater fish

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21
Q

MOT of C. sinensis to human

A

Ingestion of raw fish with encysted metacercaria

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22
Q

Most important reservoir hosts of C. sinensis

A

Dogs and cats

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23
Q

Infective stage of C. sinensis to the 1st IH

A

Miracidium

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24
Q

Infective stage of C. sinensis to the 2nd IH

A

Cercariae

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25
Q

Habitat of C. sinensis

A

Bile ducts

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26
Q

The eggs of C. sinensis closely resemble ____ and _____

A

Heterophyes & Metagonimus

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27
Q

Life span of C. sinensis

A

30 years

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28
Q

Where does the cercaria of C. sinensis encyst?

A

Skin of 2nd IH

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29
Q

Where does the metacercaria of C. sinensis excyst?

A

Duodenum

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30
Q

Maturation site of C. sinensis in humans

A

Distal biliary capillaries

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31
Q

DOC for C. sinensis infection

A

Praziquantel (25 mg/kg; 3x a day)

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32
Q

Fatal & severe bile duct cancer

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

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33
Q

Alternative drug for C. sinensis

A

Albendazole (10 mg/kg daily for 7 days)

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34
Q

T/F: C. sinensis is a probable carcinogen

A

T

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35
Q

Common name of Opisthorchis felineus

A

Cat liver fluke

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36
Q

The eggs of O. felineus is ____ (narrower/broader) than C. sinensis

A

Narrower

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37
Q

1st IH of O. felineus

A

Bithynia

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38
Q

2nd IH of O. felineus

A

Cyprinoid fresh water fish

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39
Q

Most important liver fluke of man

A

C. sinensis

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40
Q

Habitat of O. felineus

A

Bile ducts

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41
Q

MOT of O. felineus

A

Ingestion of raw fish with encysted metacercaria

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42
Q

Common name of Opisthorcis viverrini

A

Southeast Asian liver fluke / Siberian liver fluke

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43
Q

1st IH of O. viverrini

A

Bithynia

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44
Q

2nd IH of O. viverrini

A

Freshwater fish

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45
Q

Habitat of O. viverrini

A

Bile ducts

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46
Q

MOT of O. viverrini

A

Ingestion of raw fresh-water fish with metacercaria

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47
Q

Describe the appearance of O. viverrini eggs

A

Short & broad

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48
Q

Other names of Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

Fasciola dendriticum; Fasciola lanceolata

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49
Q

Common name of D. dendriticum

A

Lanceolate fluke/Lancet fluke

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50
Q

1st IH of D. dendriticum

A

Land snails (Cionella lubrica)

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51
Q

2nd IH of D. dendriticum

A

Ants (Formica fusca)

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52
Q

Habitat of D. dendriticum

A

Bile duct

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53
Q

Which intermediate host produces “slime balls” containing a large amount of cercaria of D. dendriticum?

A

1st IH (Snails)

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54
Q

MOT of D. dendriticum

A

Ingestion of ants containing metacercaria

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55
Q

T/F: D. dendriticum has no redia stage

A

T

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56
Q

The eggs of D. dendriticum is _____ (embryonated/unembryonated) when passed in the feces

A

Embryonated

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57
Q

Common name of Fasciola hepatica

A

Sheep liver fluke

58
Q

Habitat of Fasciola

A

Larger biliary passages of liver & gallbladder

59
Q

Appearance of Fasciola

A

Cephalic cone at the anterior end

60
Q

1st IH of F. hepatica

A

Lymnaea philippinensis & L. auricularia rubiginosa

61
Q

2nd IH of Fasciola

A

Aquatic plants (Ipomea obscura & Nasturtium officinale)

62
Q

MOT of Fasciola

A

Ingestion of raw aquatic plants with metacercaria

63
Q

Difference between the epidemiology of F. hepatica and F. gigantica

A

F. hepatica: cold & temperate countries
F. gigantica: tropical countries

64
Q

The eggs of F. hepatica is _____ (embryonated/unembryonated) when passed in the feces

A

Unembryonated

65
Q

Temporary lodgment of fluke in the pharynx from eating raw animal liver caused by Fasciola

A

Halzuon/Marrara

66
Q

Final outcome F. hepatica infection

A

Portal cirrhosis

67
Q

DOC of F. hepatica

A

Bithionol (30-50 mg/kg every other day for 10-15 doses)

68
Q

Side effects of bithionol

A

Associated with photosensitivity skin reaction, urticoria, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain

69
Q

Alternative treatment of F. hepatica that lessens the severity only

A

Praziquantel

70
Q

Treatment for F. hepatica that is for veterinary uses only

A

Triclabendazole

71
Q

Common name of F. gigantica

A

Giant liver fluke/Tropical liver fluke

72
Q

Development of F. hepatica is _____ (shorter/longer) compared to F. gigantica

A

Shorter

73
Q

Common name of Fasciolopsis buski

A

Giant intestinal fluke

74
Q

1st IH of F. buski

A

Segmentina spp., Hippeutis spp.

75
Q

2nd IH of F. buski

A

Fresh-water vegetation/Water plants

76
Q

Habitat of F. buski

A

Small intestine

77
Q

Reservoir host of F. buski

A

Pigs, dogs, rabbits

78
Q

The ventral sucker of F. buski ____ (smaller/larger) than its oral sucker

A

Larger

79
Q

Appearance of F. buski eggs

A

Hen’s egg appearance

80
Q

MOT of F. buski

A

Ingestion of metacercaria from aquatic plants

81
Q

Which fluke infection causes Vitamin B12 absorption impairment?

A

F. buski

82
Q

DOC for F. buski

A

Praziquantel

83
Q

Common name of Echinostoma ilocanum

A

Garrison’s fluke

84
Q

Habitat of E. ilocanum

A

Small intestine

85
Q

Number of collarette spines of E. ilocanum

A

49-51

86
Q

Location of the oral sucker of E. ilocanum

A

Center of circumoral disk

87
Q

Location of the ventral sucker of E. ilocanum

A

Posterior fifth

88
Q

The eggs of E. ilocanum is ____ (smaller/larger) than A. malayanum

A

Smaller

89
Q

Difference between the posterior end of E. ilocanum and A. malayanum

A

E. ilocanum: tapered
A. malayanum: rounded

90
Q

Number of collarette spines of A. malayanum

A

43-45

91
Q

DOC for E. ilocanum and A. malayanum

A

Praziquantel (25 mg/kg; 3x a day)

92
Q

Maximum dose of tetrachloroethylene for E. ilocanum and A. malayanum infection

A

5 ml

93
Q

What should be avoided after E. ilocanum and A. malayanum treatment?

A

Alcohol & fats should be avoided for 24 hrs before and after treatment;

NOTHING other than water after 3 hrs of medication

94
Q

2-minute flukes

A

Heterophyids

95
Q

Common name of Heterophyes heterophyes

A

Von-Siebold’s fluke

96
Q

Identify the fluke: Avocado/pear-shaped

A

H. heterophyes adult

97
Q

M. yokogawai adult is ____ (smaller/larger) while its egg is (smaller/larger) than H. heterophyes

A

Larger Adult; Smaller Egg

98
Q

1st IH of heterophyids

A

Brackish/Marine snails

99
Q

2nd IH of heterophyids

A

Brackish/Saltwater fish

100
Q

Where does heterophyids metacercia encyst?

A

Under the scales/in the flesh of fish

101
Q

Condition caused by heterophyids which may lead to cardiac arrest

A

Heterophyid myocarditis

102
Q

Identify the fluke: pear-shaped

A

Gastrodiscoides hominis adult

103
Q

Habitat of heterophyids

A

Small intestine

104
Q

Habitat of G. hominis

A

mucosa of cecum & ascending colon

105
Q

Humans are _____ hosts to lung flukes

A

Accidental

106
Q

Causative agent of cutaneous paragonimiasis

A

P. skrjabini

107
Q

Paragonimus species that has 2 reported infections (1934 and 1984)

A

P. kellicotti

108
Q

Best known lung fluke affecting humans

A

Paragonimus westermani

109
Q

Common name of P. westermani

A

Oriental lung fluke

110
Q

1st IH of P. westermani

A

Antemelania asperata & Antemelania dactylus (snail)

111
Q

2nd IH of P. westermani

A

Sundathelphusa philippina

112
Q

MOT of P. westermani

A

Ingestion of raw crabs with metacercaria

113
Q

Habitat of P. westermani

A

Lungs

114
Q

Paratenic host of P. westermani

A

Boars (Larval stage)

115
Q

Reservoir host of P. westermani

A

Dogs, cats, field rats

116
Q

Appearance of P. westermani adults

A

Coffee bean shape

117
Q

T/F: P. westermani eggs can only be recovered from stool samples

A

F. they can also be found in sputum samples

118
Q

Identify the fluke: Leaf shaped with ruffled borders

A

E. pancreaticum Adult

119
Q

Common name of Eurytrema pancreaticum

A

Pancreatic fluke

120
Q

1st IH of E. pancreaticum

A

Macrochlamys indica (snail)

121
Q

2nd IH of E. pancreaticum

A

Technomymex deterquens (ant), grasshoppers

122
Q

Accidental host of E. pancreaticum

A

Human

123
Q

MOT of E. pancreaticum

A

Ingestion of ant/grasshoppers with metacercaria

124
Q

Description of reproductive organs of E. pancreaticum

A

2 notched testes and 1 notched ovary

125
Q

Where in the accidental host will E. pancreaticum excyst?

A

Pancreatic ducts

126
Q

Most important flukes

A

Blood flukes

127
Q

Neglected tropical disease with food-borne trematodiases

A

Schistosomes

128
Q

Function of the sharp spines in the egg of S. mansoni and S. haematobium

A

Assist in retention in blood vessels

129
Q

The growth of Schistosomes begins within ____ weeks in the lungs

A

2

130
Q

Immature flukes are called

A

Schistosomulum

131
Q

Schistosoma species which is the consequence of African slave trade in Western Hemisphere

A

S. mansoni

132
Q

Habitat of S. mansoni

A

Smaller branches of inferior mesenteric vein (lower colon)

133
Q

Other locations of S. mansoni

A

Portal system n vesical venous plexus or ectopic foci

134
Q

Shape of S. mansoni egg lateral spines

A

Rose thorn

135
Q

Common name of S. japonicum

A

Oriental blood fluke

136
Q

Most virulent Schistosome

A

S. japonicum

137
Q

Schistosome that lays the most number of eggs

A

S. japonicum

138
Q

Causative agent of urinary schistosomiasis

A

S. haematobium

139
Q

S. haematobium is endemic to _____

A

Nile Valley

140
Q

Where in humans are S. haematobium eggs deposited?

A

Walls of bladder or uterus, vaginal wall, prostate, or other organs

141
Q

Condition caused by S. haematobium that occurs in patients from endemic areas, which is also a cause of high suspicion of infection

A

Terminal hematuria

142
Q

Source of biopsy material for the diagnosis of S. haematobium

A

Bladder wall, uterine cervix, vagina

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