Trematodes (book) Flashcards
1
Q
Phylum of trematodes
A
Phylum Platyhelminthes
2
Q
T/F: Most trematodes are dioecious
A
F. Most are hermaphroditic (except blood flukes)
3
Q
Common shape and symmetry of trematodes
A
Leaf-shaped and bilaterally symmetrical
4
Q
Largest human parasite belonging to trematoda
A
Fasciolopsis buski
5
Q
Smallest human parasite belonging to trematoda
A
Heterophyes heterophyes
6
Q
2 types of two suckers/attachment organs or trematodes
A
Oral sucker (anterior portion; for nutrition)
Ventral sucker/Acetabulum (posterior; for attachment)
7
Q
The third sucker in nematodes is also known as _____ and is only present in _____ for copulation
A
Genital sucker/gonotyl; Heterophyes
8
Q
The two intestinal ceca of trematodes run _____ (perpendicular or parallel) to each other
A
parallel
9
Q
T/F: trematodes have nervous system
A
T
10
Q
Which stage of the trematode emerges from the egg?
A
Miracidium
11
Q
T/F: Zinc-sulfate technique is recommended for trematodes
A
F. The eggs rupture and fail to float
12
Q
Enumerate the life cycle of trematodes
A
Miracidium > Cercaria > Metacercaria
13
Q
Identify the stage: a larva developed after the eggs are laid
A
Miracidium
14
Q
Identify the stage: liberation of large numbers of larvae
A
Cercariae
15
Q
Common name of Clonorchis sinensis
A
Chinese/Oriental liver fluke
16
Q
Identify the fluke: it is broadest in the midportion of the body, tapering toward both ends
A
Clonorchis sinensis Adult
17
Q
Identify the fluke: “spatula-like” appearance
A
Clonorchis sinensis Adult
18
Q
Identify the fluke: “old-fashioned light bulb”
A
Clonorchis sinensis Egg
19
Q
1st IH of C. sinensis
A
Mollusks/Snails (Parafossarulus, Bulinus, Semisulcospira, Alocinma, Thiara, Melanoides)
20
Q
2nd IH of C. sinensis
A
Freshwater fish
21
Q
MOT of C. sinensis to human
A
Ingestion of raw fish with encysted metacercaria
22
Q
Most important reservoir hosts of C. sinensis
A
Dogs and cats
23
Q
Infective stage of C. sinensis to the 1st IH
A
Miracidium
24
Q
Infective stage of C. sinensis to the 2nd IH
A
Cercariae
25
Habitat of C. sinensis
Bile ducts
26
The eggs of C. sinensis closely resemble ____ and _____
Heterophyes & Metagonimus
27
Life span of C. sinensis
30 years
28
Where does the cercaria of C. sinensis encyst?
Skin of 2nd IH
29
Where does the metacercaria of C. sinensis excyst?
Duodenum
30
Maturation site of C. sinensis in humans
Distal biliary capillaries
31
DOC for C. sinensis infection
Praziquantel (25 mg/kg; 3x a day)
32
Fatal & severe bile duct cancer
Cholangiocarcinoma
33
Alternative drug for C. sinensis
Albendazole (10 mg/kg daily for 7 days)
34
T/F: C. sinensis is a probable carcinogen
T
35
Common name of Opisthorchis felineus
Cat liver fluke
36
The eggs of O. felineus is ____ (narrower/broader) than C. sinensis
Narrower
37
1st IH of O. felineus
Bithynia
38
2nd IH of O. felineus
Cyprinoid fresh water fish
39
Most important liver fluke of man
C. sinensis
40
Habitat of O. felineus
Bile ducts
41
MOT of O. felineus
Ingestion of raw fish with encysted metacercaria
42
Common name of Opisthorcis viverrini
Southeast Asian liver fluke / Siberian liver fluke
43
1st IH of O. viverrini
Bithynia
44
2nd IH of O. viverrini
Freshwater fish
45
Habitat of O. viverrini
Bile ducts
46
MOT of O. viverrini
Ingestion of raw fresh-water fish with metacercaria
47
Describe the appearance of O. viverrini eggs
Short & broad
48
Other names of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Fasciola dendriticum; Fasciola lanceolata
49
Common name of D. dendriticum
Lanceolate fluke/Lancet fluke
50
1st IH of D. dendriticum
Land snails (Cionella lubrica)
51
2nd IH of D. dendriticum
Ants (Formica fusca)
52
Habitat of D. dendriticum
Bile duct
53
Which intermediate host produces "slime balls" containing a large amount of cercaria of D. dendriticum?
1st IH (Snails)
54
MOT of D. dendriticum
Ingestion of ants containing metacercaria
55
T/F: D. dendriticum has no redia stage
T
56
The eggs of D. dendriticum is _____ (embryonated/unembryonated) when passed in the feces
Embryonated
57
Common name of Fasciola hepatica
Sheep liver fluke
58
Habitat of Fasciola
Larger biliary passages of liver & gallbladder
59
Appearance of Fasciola
Cephalic cone at the anterior end
60
1st IH of F. hepatica
Lymnaea philippinensis & L. auricularia rubiginosa
61
2nd IH of Fasciola
Aquatic plants (Ipomea obscura & Nasturtium officinale)
62
MOT of Fasciola
Ingestion of raw aquatic plants with metacercaria
63
Difference between the epidemiology of F. hepatica and F. gigantica
F. hepatica: cold & temperate countries
F. gigantica: tropical countries
64
The eggs of F. hepatica is _____ (embryonated/unembryonated) when passed in the feces
Unembryonated
65
Temporary lodgment of fluke in the pharynx from eating raw animal liver caused by Fasciola
Halzuon/Marrara
66
Final outcome F. hepatica infection
Portal cirrhosis
67
DOC of F. hepatica
Bithionol (30-50 mg/kg every other day for 10-15 doses)
68
Side effects of bithionol
Associated with photosensitivity skin reaction, urticoria, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
69
Alternative treatment of F. hepatica that lessens the severity only
Praziquantel
70
Treatment for F. hepatica that is for veterinary uses only
Triclabendazole
71
Common name of F. gigantica
Giant liver fluke/Tropical liver fluke
72
Development of F. hepatica is _____ (shorter/longer) compared to F. gigantica
Shorter
73
Common name of Fasciolopsis buski
Giant intestinal fluke
74
1st IH of F. buski
Segmentina spp., Hippeutis spp.
75
2nd IH of F. buski
Fresh-water vegetation/Water plants
76
Habitat of F. buski
Small intestine
77
Reservoir host of F. buski
Pigs, dogs, rabbits
78
The ventral sucker of F. buski ____ (smaller/larger) than its oral sucker
Larger
79
Appearance of F. buski eggs
Hen's egg appearance
80
MOT of F. buski
Ingestion of metacercaria from aquatic plants
81
Which fluke infection causes Vitamin B12 absorption impairment?
F. buski
82
DOC for F. buski
Praziquantel
83
Common name of Echinostoma ilocanum
Garrison's fluke
84
Habitat of E. ilocanum
Small intestine
85
Number of collarette spines of E. ilocanum
49-51
86
Location of the oral sucker of E. ilocanum
Center of circumoral disk
87
Location of the ventral sucker of E. ilocanum
Posterior fifth
88
The eggs of E. ilocanum is ____ (smaller/larger) than A. malayanum
Smaller
89
Difference between the posterior end of E. ilocanum and A. malayanum
E. ilocanum: tapered
A. malayanum: rounded
90
Number of collarette spines of A. malayanum
43-45
91
DOC for E. ilocanum and A. malayanum
Praziquantel (25 mg/kg; 3x a day)
92
Maximum dose of tetrachloroethylene for E. ilocanum and A. malayanum infection
5 ml
93
What should be avoided after E. ilocanum and A. malayanum treatment?
Alcohol & fats should be avoided for 24 hrs before and after treatment;
NOTHING other than water after 3 hrs of medication
94
2-minute flukes
Heterophyids
95
Common name of Heterophyes heterophyes
Von-Siebold's fluke
96
Identify the fluke: Avocado/pear-shaped
H. heterophyes adult
97
M. yokogawai adult is ____ (smaller/larger) while its egg is (smaller/larger) than H. heterophyes
Larger Adult; Smaller Egg
98
1st IH of heterophyids
Brackish/Marine snails
99
2nd IH of heterophyids
Brackish/Saltwater fish
100
Where does heterophyids metacercia encyst?
Under the scales/in the flesh of fish
101
Condition caused by heterophyids which may lead to cardiac arrest
Heterophyid myocarditis
102
Identify the fluke: pear-shaped
Gastrodiscoides hominis adult
103
Habitat of heterophyids
Small intestine
104
Habitat of G. hominis
mucosa of cecum & ascending colon
105
Humans are _____ hosts to lung flukes
Accidental
106
Causative agent of cutaneous paragonimiasis
P. skrjabini
107
Paragonimus species that has 2 reported infections (1934 and 1984)
P. kellicotti
108
Best known lung fluke affecting humans
Paragonimus westermani
109
Common name of P. westermani
Oriental lung fluke
110
1st IH of P. westermani
Antemelania asperata & Antemelania dactylus (snail)
111
2nd IH of P. westermani
Sundathelphusa philippina
112
MOT of P. westermani
Ingestion of raw crabs with metacercaria
113
Habitat of P. westermani
Lungs
114
Paratenic host of P. westermani
Boars (Larval stage)
115
Reservoir host of P. westermani
Dogs, cats, field rats
116
Appearance of P. westermani adults
Coffee bean shape
117
T/F: P. westermani eggs can only be recovered from stool samples
F. they can also be found in sputum samples
118
Identify the fluke: Leaf shaped with ruffled borders
E. pancreaticum Adult
119
Common name of Eurytrema pancreaticum
Pancreatic fluke
120
1st IH of E. pancreaticum
Macrochlamys indica (snail)
121
2nd IH of E. pancreaticum
Technomymex deterquens (ant), grasshoppers
122
Accidental host of E. pancreaticum
Human
123
MOT of E. pancreaticum
Ingestion of ant/grasshoppers with metacercaria
124
Description of reproductive organs of E. pancreaticum
2 notched testes and 1 notched ovary
125
Where in the accidental host will E. pancreaticum excyst?
Pancreatic ducts
126
Most important flukes
Blood flukes
127
Neglected tropical disease with food-borne trematodiases
Schistosomes
128
Function of the sharp spines in the egg of S. mansoni and S. haematobium
Assist in retention in blood vessels
129
The growth of Schistosomes begins within ____ weeks in the lungs
2
130
Immature flukes are called
Schistosomulum
131
Schistosoma species which is the consequence of African slave trade in Western Hemisphere
S. mansoni
132
Habitat of S. mansoni
Smaller branches of inferior mesenteric vein (lower colon)
133
Other locations of S. mansoni
Portal system n vesical venous plexus or ectopic foci
134
Shape of S. mansoni egg lateral spines
Rose thorn
135
Common name of S. japonicum
Oriental blood fluke
136
Most virulent Schistosome
S. japonicum
137
Schistosome that lays the most number of eggs
S. japonicum
138
Causative agent of urinary schistosomiasis
S. haematobium
139
S. haematobium is endemic to _____
Nile Valley
140
Where in humans are S. haematobium eggs deposited?
Walls of bladder or uterus, vaginal wall, prostate, or other organs
141
Condition caused by S. haematobium that occurs in patients from endemic areas, which is also a cause of high suspicion of infection
Terminal hematuria
142
Source of biopsy material for the diagnosis of S. haematobium
Bladder wall, uterine cervix, vagina
