Trematode Laboratory Flashcards
1
Q
Order of Trematodes
A
Digenea
2
Q
Characteristics of Trematodes
A
All are flat and leaf like except Schistosomes
All are hermaphrodites except Schistosomes
All eggs are operculated except Schistosomes
All require 2 IH except Schistosomes
All have well developed reproductive organs
3
Q
Phylum of Trematodes
A
Phylum Platyhelminthes
4
Q
Adult flukes are usually __.
A
unsegmented
5
Q
Adult worm lay eggs within the __.
A
vertebrate host
6
Q
This is the larva that develops within the eggs of adult worms and swim away after hatching.
A
miracidium
7
Q
Every species of trematode requires this intermediate host for development.
A
mollusk/ molluscan intermediate host
8
Q
The larva that develops from the intermediate host of trematodes.
A
cercaria
9
Q
The forms found in the second intermediate host or encysted on vegetation are known as __.
A
metacercaria
10
Q
MOT of trematodes
A
Oral or Ingestion except Schistosomes
11
Q
IS of Trematodes
A
metacercaria except Schistosomes
12
Q
Alimentary Canal of trematodes is __.
A
Incomplete
13
Q
All trematodes possess 2 suckers except __.
A
Heterophys heterophyes
14
Q
Liver Flukes
A
Fasciola spp. (Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica)
Clonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis spp.
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
15
Q
CN of Fasciola Hepatica
A
Sheep liver fluke
16
Q
CN of Fasciola Hepatica
A
Sheep liver fluke
17
Q
1st IH of Fasciola Hepatica
A
Lymnaea truncatula (Europe and North Asia)
L. bulmoides (North America)
L. tomentosa (Australia)
Planorbidae (Sporadic)
18
Q
CN of Fasciola gigantica
A
Tropical Liver Fluke, Giant Liver Fluke
19
Q
1st IH of Fasciola gigantica
A
L. auricularia (Asia)
L. acuminata (Indian Subcontinent)
L. natalensis (Africa)
20
Q
1st IH of Fasciola spp.
A
snail hosts in the PH:
L. philippinensis
L. auricularia rubiginosa
21
Q
2nd IH of Fasciola spp.
A
water plants:
Ipomea obscura (morning glory or kangkong) Nasturtium officinale (watercress)
22
Q
CN of Clonorchis sinensis
A
Chinese liver fluke
Oriental liver fluke
23
Q
1st IH of Clonorchis sinensis
A
Parafossarulus (P. manchouricus, P. anomalospiralis, and P. stratulus)
Bulinus (B. striatulus)
Semisulcospira
Alocinma (A. longicornis)
Thiara (T. granifera)
Melanoides (M. tuberculatus)
24
Q
2nd IH of C. sinensis
A
Ctenopharyngodon idellus (freshwater or Cyprinidae fish)
freshwater shrimp
25
CN of Opisthorchis felineus
Cat liver flukes, Siberian liver fluke
26
CN of Opisthorchis viverrini
Southeast Asian liver fluke
27
1st IH of Opisthorchis spp.
Bithynia
28
2nd IH of Opisthorchis spp.
Cyprinidae
Cobitidae
29
Dicrocoelium dendriticum is also known as?
Fasciola dendriticium or Fasciol lanceolata
30
CN of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Lanceolate fluke or Lancet fluke
31
1st IH of D. dendriticum
Cionella lubrica
32
Accumulated cercaria of D. dendriticum are excreted in the form of __ by the 1st IH
slime ball
33
2nd IH of D. dendriticum
Formica fusca (ants)
34
Pancreatic flukes
Eurytrema pancreaticum
35
1st IH of E. pancreaticum
Macrochlamys indica
36
2nd IH of E. pancreaticum
Technomyrmex deterquens (ant)
Grasshoppers
37
Intestinal Flukes
Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma ilocanum
Heterophyes heterophyes
38
CN of F. buski
Large or Giant Intestinal Fluke
39
1st IH of F. buski
Segmentina coenosus
Hippeutis cantori
40
2nd IH of F. buski
Trapa bicornis (water caltrop)
Eliocharis tuberosa (water chestnut)
Ipomea obscura (morning glory or kangkong) Nymphaea lotus (lotus)
41
CN of Echinostoma ilocanum
Garrison's Fluke
42
1st IH of E. ilocanum
Gyraulus convexiusculus
Hippeutis umbilicalis
43
2nd IH of E. ilocanum
Pila luzonica (kuhol)
Vivipara angularis (susong pampang)
44
CN of Heterophyes heterophyes
Von Siebold's Fluke
45
1st IH of H. heterophyes
Brackish water or marine species snails
Pironella
46
2nd IH of H. heterophyes
Brackish and salt water fish
tilapia
Mugil cephalus (mullet)
47
Lung Fluke
Paragonimus westermani
48
CN of Paragonimus westermani
Oriental or Chinese Lung Fluke
49
1st IH of P. westermani
Antemelania asperata (Brotia asperata)
Antemelania dactylus
50
2nd IH of P. westermani
Sundathelphusa philippina (Parathelphusa grapsoides); mountain crab or talangka)
51
Blood flukes
Schistosomes
52
Schistosomes that concentrates around the portal vein of the small intestine that causes hepato-intestinal schistosomiasis
Schistosoma japonicum
53
Schistosome that is concentrated in the mesenteric vessels of the lower intestine
Schistosoma mansoni
54
Schistosome that is most concentration around the urinary bladder
Schistosoma haematobium
55
CN of S. japonicum
Oriental Blood Fluke
56
CN of S. mansoni
Manson's Blood Fluke
57
CN of S. haematobium
Vesical Blood Fluke
58
Habitat of S. japonicum
Superior mesenteric vein of the small intestines
59
Habitat of S. mansoni
Inferior mesenteric vein of the colon
60
Habitat of S. haematobium
Vesical, Prostatic, Uterine Plexuses of the Venous Circulation
61
Habitat of S. haematobium
Vesical, Prostatic, Uterine Plexuses of the Venous Circulation
62
IH of S. japonicum
Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi
63
IH of S. mansoni
Biomphalaria (Biomphalaria glabrata)
64
IH of S. mansoni
Biomphalaria (Biomphalaria glabrata)
65
IH of S. haematobium
Bulinus (Bulinus truncatus)
66
Largest adult stages among schistosomes
Schistosoma japonicum
67
Smallest adult stages among schistosomes
Schistosoma mansoni
68
Egg production of S. japonicum
3,000 eggs per worm pair per day (greatest)
69
Egg production of S. mansoni
190-300 eggs/day
70
Egg production of S. haematobium
30 eggs/day (lowest)
71
Integumentary tuberculation of S. japonicum
none
72
Integumentary tuberculation of S. mansoni
prominent
73
Integumentary tuberculation of S. haematobium
fine
74
Number of Testes of S. japonicum
6-8
75
Number of testes of S. mansoni
8-9
76
Number of testes of S. haematobium
4-5
77
Eggs of S. japonicum
Oval with recurved hook or knob
Small lateral spine
78
Smallest egg among Schistosomes
S. japonicum
79
Eggs of S. mansoni
Elliptical with lateral spine
80
Eggs of S. haematobium
Elliptical with terminal spine
81
Reservoir Host of S. japonicum
Humans and other mammals (dogs, pigs, cats, carabaos, rodents, monkeys)
82
Reservoir hosts of S. mansoni
Humans, non-human primates
83
Reservoir hosts of S. haematobium
Humans
84
Disease distribution of S. japonicum
China, Indonesia, Japan, PH
85
Disease distribution of S. mansoni
Africa, Madagascar, West Indies, Suriname, Brazil, Venezuela
86
Disease distribution of S. mansoni
Africa, Madagascar, West Indies, Suriname, Brazil, Venezuela
87
Disease distribution of S. haematobium
Africa, Middle East, India, Portugal
88
Final host of Fasciola spp.
Sheep, Cattle, and Other Herbivores
Humans infected occasionally
89
Reservoir hosts of Fasciola spp.
Hares and rabbits
90
DS of Fasciola spp.
Unembryonated egg
91
MOT of Fasciola spp.
Ingestion of undercooked or raw aquatic plants containing the metacercaria
92
Habitat of Fasciola spp.
Biliary passages of liver
93
A conical projection present at the anterior end of Fasciola adult is known as the __ unique to this parasite.
cephalic cone
94
Intestinal ceca of Fasciola spp.
highly branched
95
Egg of Fasciola spp is described as
hen-egg shaped
96
T or F. Fasciola eggs are indistinguishable, thus they are reported as Fasciola egg.
True
97
Acute stage of Fascioliasis
Triad of high fever, hepatomegaly, and marked eosinophilia
Liver Rot
Jaundice
98
Chronic stage of Fascioliasis
Fibrosis
Cirrhosis
99
What stage of pathogenesis is larval migration and worm maturation?
Acute
100
What stage of pathogenesis is the persistence of adults in the biliary ducts?
Chronic
101
temporary lodgment of the Fasciola adult in the pharynx (ingestion of raw liver)
Halzoun or Marrara
102
spurious infection resulting from ingestion of cooked livers containing eggs of Fasciola spp.
Pseudo fascioliasis
103
Diagnosis of Fasciola spp.
Egg (from stool): FECT, Kato-katz
Serology: ELISA, Western Blot, CIEP
Molecular methods: : RFLPs (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), DNA probe
Radiography: CT scan, Hepatic sonography, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Laparotomy
104
DOC of Fasciola spp.
Dichlorophenol (Bithionol)
Triclabendazole
105
Characteristics of Fasciola hepatica adult
Cephalic cone "bay leaf" and prominent shoulders
106
Testes of F. hepatica adult
highly branched
107
Ovary of F. hepatica adult
dendritic
108
Uterus of F. hepatica adult
coiled and short
109
Characteristics of Fasciola hepatica egg
Operculated
Immature
Contains large mass of vitelline cells
110
Characteristics of Fasciola gigantica adult
slender
shorter cephalic cone and less developed shoulders
111
Testes of F. gigantica
branching
112
Ovary of F. gigantica
branches longer and more numerous
113
Characteristics of F. gigantica egg
same as F. hepatica egg but bigger
114
Most important liver fluke of man
Clonorchis sinensis
115
Final Host of C. sinensis
Humans and other vertebrates
116
Reservoir Host of C. sinensis
dogs and other fish-eating canines
117
DS of C. sinensis
Embryonated egg
118
MOT of C. sinensis
Ingestion of raw or undercooked fish containing the metacercaria
119
Habitat of C. sinensis
Bile ducts and bile passages, pancreatic duct, gallbladder, liver
120
Characteristics of C. sinensis adult
attenuated anteriorly
spatulate in appearance
leaf-like shape with transparent tegument
feed on tissue, fluids, RBCs, and mucus
rounded posterior, tapering anterior
121
It has the largest oral sucker among other flukes
Clonorchis sinensis adult
122
Testes of C. sinensis adult
2 deeply branched and in tandem
123
Ovary of C. sinensis adult
lobed
124
Intestinal ceca of C. sinensis
simple and unbranched
125
Vitellaria of C. sinensis
found in the middle third of the body (at the level of the uterus)
126
Characteristics of C. sinensis egg
Operculated with opercular shoulder
Comma-shaped abopercular protuberance
Mature or embryonated
127
Shape of C. sinensis
Pitcher-like shape
Old-fashioned bulb
128
Acute stage of Clonorchiasis
fever and chills, fatigue, weight loss, liver enlargement, jaundice, eosinophilia
129
Chronic stage of Clonorchiasis
periductal fibrosis
cirrhosis
portal hypertension
perforation of gallbladder
130
Bile duct carcinoma due to C. sinensis
Cholangiocarcinoma
131
Phases of Clonorchiasis
1. Desquamation of epithelial cells
2. Hyperplasia and desquamation of epithelial cells
3. Hyperplasia, desquamation of epithelial cells, and adenomatous tissue formation
4. Marked proliferation of periductal connective tissue (with scattered abortive acini of epithelial cells and fibrosis of wall of biliary duct)
132
Diagnosis of C. sinensis
Stool examination: FECT, Kato-katz
Serodiagnosis: CFT, IHA, ELISA, EIA, coproovoscopy
Molecular methods: PCR
Duodenal aspirate
Liver biopsy
Entero-test
Cholangiography
133
It is use to stain the eggs of C. sinensis
Potassium permanganate
134
It is used when processing more amount of stool for C. sinensis
Stoll's Dilution
135
Radiological features of biliary clonorchiasis
Saccular dilatations of intrahepatic bile ducts
Rapid ductal tapering toward periphery
Arrowhead sign
136
DOC of C. sinensis
Praziquantel
137
Final host of Opisthorchis spp.
Humans and other vertebrates
138
Reservoir host of Opisthorchis spp.
cats, dogs, pigs, other mammals (fish eating animals)
139
DS of Opisthorchis spp.
Embryonated egg
140
MOT of Opisthorchis spp.
Ingestion of raw or undercooked fish containing the metacercaria
141
Habitat of Opisthorchis spp.
Bile ducts and bile passages, pancreatic duct, gallbladder, liver
142
Characteristics of Opisthorchis spp.
Elongate and spatulate
Ventral sucker bigger than oral sucker
143
Intestinal ceca of Opisthorchis spp.
simple
144
Testes of Opisthorchis spp.
deeply branched and in tandem
145
Characteristics of O. felineus adult
reddish brown
paired
lobate testes arranged obliquely in tandem (with an angle)
lobed ovaries
146
Characteristics of O. viverrini adult
deeply lobulated ovaries and testes (in tandem)
147
Characteristics of O. viverrini egg
distinct melon-like ridges
148
DOC of Opisthorchis spp.
Praziquantel
149
Final host of D. dendriticum
Herbivores (ruminants), cows, sheep, and cattle
150
Accidental host of D. dendriticum
Humans
151
DS of D. dentriticum
Embryonated egg
152
MOT of D. dendriticum
Ingestion of ants containing metacercaria
153
Habitat of D. dendriticum
Bile duct, Liver
154
Characteristic of D. dendriticum adult
Blade like, lancet like
Aspinous (no spines on tegument)
Ventral sucker bigger than oral sucker
155
Characteristics of D. dendriticum egg
dark brown
operculated
Embryonated
thick shell
156
Testes of D. dendriticum
located in anterior ⅓
157
Pathogenesis of D. dendriticum
usually asymptomatic
heavy infections: enlargement of bile ducts and hyperplasia of epithelium, may lead to cirrhosis
158
DOC of D. dendriticum
Praziquantel
159
Final host of Eurytrema pancreaticum
Hogs, sheep, goat, cattle, and water buffaloes
160
MOT of E. pancreaticum
Biliary ducts and Pancreatic ducts
161
Characteristics of E. pancreaticum adult
Oral sucker bigger than ventral sucker
Ruffled border or body margin
162
Testes of E. pancreaticum adult
2 notched testes
163
Ovary of E. pancreaticum
1 notched ovary
164
Characteristics of E. pancreaticum egg
Distinct operculum
Golden brown
Similar to lancet fluke
Embryonated
165
Pathogenesis of E. pancreaticum
Eurytremiasis
Destruction of pancreas: cause Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Chronic granulomatous pancreatitis
Enlargement of pancreas
166
DOC of E. pancreaticum
Praziquantel
167
Final host of Echinostoma ilocanum
Humans
168
Reservoir hosts of E. ilocanum
dogs, cats, pigs, rats (important reservoir hosts)
169
DS of E. ilocanum
Unembryonated egg
170
MOT of E. ilocanum
Ingestion of metacercariae encysted in snails
171
Habitat of E. ilocanum
small intestine
172
Characteristic of E. ilocanum adult
reddish gray
tapers at the posterior end
tegument is covered with plaque-like scales
anterior end is equipped with circumoral disk (49-51 collar spines)
173
Structure the surrounds the oral sucker of E. ilocanum. This aids in the attachment and is attributed to bloody diarrhea
circumoral disk
174
Testes of E. ilocanum adult
deeply bilobed and in tandem
175
Intestinal ceca of E. ilocanum
simple and unbranched
176
Characteristic of E. ilocanum egg
Light brown
Less prominent operculum (dot-like appearance)
thin-shelled
small minute operculum
similar to Fasciola egg
177
Germ ball egg
Echinostoma ilocanum egg
178
Pathogenesis of E. ilocanum
Echinostomiasis
Inflammation at site of attachment
Heaver infections: bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain
Intoxication: metabolites (causes poisoning)
179
Pathogenesis of E. ilocanum
Echinostomiasis
Inflammation at site of attachment
Heaver infections: bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain
Intoxication: metabolites (causes poisoning)
180
Only trematode whose 1st and 2nd IH are both snails
Echinostoma ilocanum
181
DOC of E. ilocanum
Praziquantel
182
Final host of H. heterophyes
Humans, birds, various fish-eating mammals
183
Smallest fluke
Heterophyes heterophyes
184
DS of H. heterophyes
Unembryonated egg
185
MOT of H. heterophyes
Ingestion of metacercariae encysted in fish
186
Habitat of H. heterophyes
small intestine
187
Characteristic of H. heterophyes adult
pyriform (pear-shaped)
Tegument: fine scale like spines
Third sucker (gonotyl)
Fine vitelline follicles situated throughout lateral margin
188
Testes of H. heterophyes
varied arrangement depending on species
189
Ovary of H. heterophyes
Globular or lobed
190
Characteristics of H. heterophyes egg
Light brown
Embryonated
No abopercular protuberance
Similar to Metagonium yokogawai, Clonorochis and Opisthorchis
191
Pathogenesis of H. heterophyes
colicky pain and mild diarrhea
peptic ulcer diseases and acid peptide disease
formation of granulomas
deposition of eggs in vital organs (heart, brain, spinal cord)
!diagnosis most of the time after death!
192
Diagnosis of H. heterophyes
Egg: FECT, Kato-katz
Adult: Autopsy, Cardiac heterophyiasis (mistaken as Cardiac Beri-beri)
193
DOC of H. heterophyes
Praziquantel
194
Final host of P. westermani
Humans and other mammals (can serve as DH and RH)
195
DS of P. westermani
Unembryonated egg
196
MOT of. P. westermani
Ingestion of uncooked or undercooked crabs with metacercaria
197
Habitat of P. westermani
Lungs (encysted in lung tissue)
198
Characteristics of P. westermani adult
Reddish brown, coffee bean shaped
Rounded anteriorly and slightly tapered posteriorly
Found in pairs or threes in fibrotic capsules of the lung
Firmly attached to the lung tissue
Presence of spines on tegument (covering)
199
Intestinal ceca of P. westermani
wavy, branching
200
Testes of P. westermani
2 deeply lobed (oblique)
arranged in opposite
important characteristic for parasite identification
201
ovary of P. westermani
anterior to testes and posterior to ventral sucker
has six long unbranched lobes
lobary
202
Uterus of P. westermani
coiled
203
Characteristics of P. westermani egg
golden brown
operculated
thick-shelled
wide, flattened but prominent operculum
abopercular thickening
Unembryonated
204
Pathogenesis of P. westermani
Lung Fluke Disease
Pulmonary Distomiasis
Endemic Hemoptysis or Parasitic Hemoptysis Paragonimiasis (signs and symptoms mistaken for TB)
Elevated eosinophils and IgE
205
Early stages of P. westermani
asymptomatic
206
Heavy infection of P. westermani
dry cough/chronic cough
blood stained or rust colored sputum (fishy odor)
207
P. westermani can go to heart and brain (brain: meningitis, seizures)
Erratic Pargonimiasis
208
Pathogenesis of P. westermani: slow-moving, nodular lesion in subcutaneous tissue on abdomen or chest is seen
Cutaneous paragonimiasis
209
Pathogenesis of P. westermani: migrate from pleural cavity to cranial cavity through the jugular vein, can cause congestion, vasculitis, capillary rupture, infarction, hemorrhage, and necrosis
Cerebral paragonimiasis
210
Adult worms of P. westermani provoke a __ reaction (leading to formation of __)
granulomatous; fibrotic encapsulation
211
Chronic stage of P. westermani
chronic bronchiectasis and pleural fibrosis
212
This is secreted by P. westermani for the development of young parasites (excystment, tissue invasion, and immune modulation of the host)
cysteine proteases
213
Diagnosis of P. westermani
Sputum concentration with 3% sodium hydroxide
Chest radiographs
Multi-dot ELISA
Peripheral blood count
Serology and Immunology: CF test, intradermal test, double diffusion in agarose gel, and immunoelectrophoresis, IB, ELISA, complement fixation* (high sentivity)
LAMP (Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification) test
CT scan, MRI (grape-cluster appearance, conglomerated, ring-enhancing lesions)
Lung biopsy
214
Preferred specimen for P. westermani
Sputum
215
What is added to sputum for P. westermani detection?
mucolytic agent (3% NaOH)
216
Stool can be examined for P. westermani detection if
patients swallows sputum
217
DOC of P. westermani
Praziquantel
218
Alternative drug for P. westermani
Bithionol
219
Final host of Schistosome
humans
220
IS of Schistosomes
fork-tailed cercaria
221
DS of Schistosomes
embryonated
222
MOT of Schistosomes
Skin penetration
223
Male of Schistosomes
testes arranged in one row above ventral sucker
224
Female of Schistosomes
single pyramidal ovary located in midline
225
Characteristics of Schistosome adult
Ingest RBCs
Possess a protease (hemoglobinase) that breaks down globulin and hemoglobin
226
Proteast that breaks down globulin and hemoglobin in Schistosome spp.
Hemoglobinase
227
Characteristic of Schistosome egg
Immature eggs passed in feces no longer mature in soil
Mature eggs in feces can survive and hatch up to a week if desiccation is slow
228
Main pathology of Schistosomes is attributed to what stage?
Eggs
229
Pathogenesis of S. japonicum
Oriental Schistosomiasis, Snail Fever, Schistosomiasis japonica
230
Pulmonary Schistosomiasis
transient period
Cor pulmonale (dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis)
abnormal enlargement of right side of heart
231
Initial Phase of S. japonicum pathogenesis
Schistosome Cercarial Dermatitis
Petechial hemorrhages
Localized edema and pruritus
232
Acute Phase of S. japonicum pathogenesis
Katayama Syndrome
mesenteric veins
dysentery
hepatomegaly
lymphadenopathy
fever
muscle pain
fulminating meningoencephalitis
overlapping with intestinal phases
233
Intestinal Phase of S. japonicum pathogenesis
mucosal inflammation
hyperplasia
ulceration microabscess
blood loss
colonic involvement (ulcerations cause dysentery or diarrhea)
234
Chronic infection of S. japonicum pathogenesis
accumulation of eggs in the portal triads (form granulomas, causes portal hypertension and hepatosplenomegaly)
!Summer’s Pipe Stem Fibrosis / Fibro-obstructive Hepatic Schistosomiasis (pathognomonic for Schistosomiasis)!
Esophageal Varices, Massive Ascites
235
motor or sensory disturbances due to S. japonicum
Cerebral schistosomiasis
236
Pathogenesis of S. mansoni
Intestinal Bilharziasis
Cercarial Dermatitis
Acute Schistosomiasis = Katayama like fever
Association with kidneys: Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis (similar to S. japonicum)
Nephrotic syndrome (affects glomerulus)
Pulmonary involvement (Cor pulmonale)
Spinal cord schistosomiasis
237
Pathogenesis of S. haematobium
Urinary Bilharziasis, Egyptian Hematuria
Light infections usually asymptomatic
Early signs and symptoms: dysuria and hematuria
Vesical mucosa: yellow sandy patches
Granuloma formation leading to fibrosis and ulceration, pseudoabscess in the bladder
Pulmonary involvement (Cor pulmonale)
Link with bladder carcinoma (squamous cell)
Nephrotic Syndrome
238
When is S. haematobium best collected?
Best to collect urine from 12 pm to 3 pm (highest recovery)
Nucleopore Filtration Technique, Centrifugation
239
Positive for Modified Acid-Fast Staining (schistosome)
S. japonicum and S. mansoni
240
Negative for Modified Acid-Fast Staining (schistosome)
S. haematobium
241
Diagnosis of Schistosomes
Rectal snips and imprints (most sensitive and invasive)
Rectal or Liver Biopsy
Immunodiagnosis/Serologic tests:
Intradermal tests (Fairley’s Test, Wheal and Flare Reaction)
Indirect hemagglutination
ELISA
Detection of Antigens (circulating cathodic antigen (CCA), circulating anodic antigen (CAA), soluble egg antigen (SEA))
COPT (Circumoval Precipitin Test)
242
Positive result for COPT
formation of bleb or septate precipitate
243
Sample for COPT
serum
244
reagent for COPT
Lyophilized schistosome egg (antigen)
245
DOC for Schistosomes
Praziquantel
246
Alternative drug for S. haematobium
Metrifonate
247
Drugs that can be used for S. mansoni
Oxamniquine
