Trees & Forests: Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

heartwood

A

non-living core of the tree trunk that gives the tree strength

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2
Q

how do earthworms have an effect on trees?

A

by releasing organic matter, it enriches the soil

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3
Q

tree crown

A

upper part of a tree made up of branches, twigs, leaves, needles, buds, and cones

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4
Q

Inner Bark (Phloem)

A

transports sugars in the tree leaves down to the roots

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5
Q

outer bark

A

made up of dead tissue and protects the living parts underneath

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6
Q

coniferous

A
  • bears cones
  • shed leaves continuously
  • needle shaped
  • thin waxy coating all around leaf
  • can withstand extreme temperatures
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7
Q

Explain how a tree is different from a herbaceous plant.

A
  • woody trunk
  • perennial
  • self-supporting trunk
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8
Q

Cambium

A

it produces new xylem cells every year

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9
Q

roots

A

anchor the tree to the ground and absorbs water and minerals from the soil

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10
Q

how do squirrels have an effect on trees?

A

eats food from trees and droppings enriches the soil

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11
Q

What are 10 ways that trees and forests are important?

A
  1. produce oxygen
  2. provide shelter
  3. furniture making
  4. making pulp and paper products
  5. control soil erosion
  6. enrich soil
  7. provide the basic needs for wildlife
  8. provide food
  9. provide protection
  10. add beauty and enjoyment
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12
Q

4 decomposers you would find in a forest ecosystem

A

lichen, conks, mushrooms, mycorrhizal fungi

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13
Q

Decidious

A
  • shed leaves in fall
  • broad leaves
  • waxy on top, has large surface on bottom, causing moisture loss
  • cannot withstand extreme temperatures
  • bear flowers and seeds
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14
Q

Define Forest

A

land that is covered with trees and shrubs growing thickly

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15
Q

What is an abiotic factor? Give an example.

A

non-living things - soil, moisture, wind, and temperature

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16
Q

Ecosystem

A

a community of biotic and abiotic organisms that interact with each other

17
Q

What is a biotic factor? Give an example.

A

Living things in an ecosystem - plants and animals

18
Q

What is the level of the forest that includes the ground cover and soil?

A

Forest floor

19
Q

explain the meaning of this food chain…

apple tree leaf —> tent caterpillar —> robin —-> falcon

A

The apple tree leaf is eaten by the tent caterpillar which is eaten by the robin which is eaten by the falcon.

20
Q

what is the level of the forest that is home to smaller trees and shrubs?

A

Understory

21
Q

What organisms live in the forest floor?

A

leaf litter, mushrooms, insects, toads, moss

22
Q

What are the 2 stages of the oxygen cycle?

A

1) green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen (photosynthesis)

2) animals take in the oxygen made by the plants and breathe out carbon dioxide and water vapour

23
Q

What organisms live in the underbrush?

A

rabbits, deer, ferns, wildflowers

24
Q

How do woodpeckers have an effect on trees?

A

drills holes on trees to get sap, tree could die from loss of sap.

25
Q

What organisms live in the understory?

A

lichen, squirrels, and woodpeckers

26
Q

Sapwood/Xylem

A

Carries food, dissolved minerals and water upward to the rest of the tree

27
Q

What is the role of decomposers?

A

to break down organic matter from dead and decaying organisms to then put the nutrients back into the soil.

28
Q

What is the level of the forest that has the densest plant growth?

A

Underbrush

29
Q

What are the 3 types of lichen with their definitions?

A

crustose - crusty

foliose - leaf-like

fruticose - tree-like or shrubby

30
Q

What are the 4 stages of the nutrient cycle?

A

1) nutrients are dissolved into the soil which is then absorbed by plants

2) a primary (or first order) consumer eats produces to get its energy. A secondary consumer then eats the primary one to get its nutrients.

3) when plants and animals die, they will decay. The decomposers break down the matter

4) the nutrients are released into the soil by the decomposers. The nutrients are dissolved into the soil once again.

31
Q

What are 4 decomposers you would find in a forest ecosystem?

A

Conks, Lichen, Mushrooms, and Mycorrhizal Fungi

32
Q

How does a leaf miner have an effect on trees?

A

they tunnel the upper and lower parts of leaves to get their food, when defoliated it will die because it cannot make its food

33
Q

Parts of a tree from inner to outer:

A

heartwood, sapwood, cambium, inner wood, and outer wood

34
Q

What are the 6 stages of the water cycle?

A

1) water vapour enters the atmosphere from transpiration, a process where trees take in water through the roots and release it into the air through the stomata, the undersides of their leaves. The leaves release the water in the form of water vapour

2) evaporation is another way water enters the air. Evaporation it changes from a liquid to water vapour

3) the water vapour cools when it gets into the air and condenses, making clouds

4) when the clouds get heavy they fall from the sky in a form of precipitation (rain, hail, snow, sleet)

5) Much of the precipitation collects into streams, rivers, and lakes

6) much of the precipitation is absorbed by the soil where it is used by plants again.