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Arborists' Certification > Tree Biology > Flashcards

Tree Biology Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

What are lenticels in tree bark?

A

Small pores that allow gas exchange between the inner tree tissues and the atmosphere

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2
Q

What are mycorrhizae?

A

Symbiotic associations between fungi and tree roots that enhance nutrient and water uptake

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3
Q

What are stomata in tree leaves?

A

Tiny pores on leaf surfaces that regulate gas exchange and water loss

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4
Q

What are the three main parts of a tree?

A

Roots, trunk (stem), and crown (branches and leaves)

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5
Q

What are tree auxins?

A

Plant hormones that regulate various aspects of growth and development, including cell elongation and root formation

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6
Q

What are tree feeder roots?

A

Small, fine roots responsible for most of the water and nutrient absorption in trees

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7
Q

What are tree growth flushes?

A

Periods of rapid shoot growth, often occurring in spring and early summer

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8
Q

What are tree growth regulators?

A

Hormones (auxins) that control various aspects of tree growth and development

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9
Q

What are tree growth rings?

A

Concentric circles of growth visible in the cross-section of a tree trunk, indicating annual growth

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10
Q

What are tree root hairs?

A

Microscopic extensions of root cells that increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption

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11
Q

What is a codominant stem in trees?

A

Two or more main stems of approximately equal size and importance originating from the same point on the trunk

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12
Q

What is a tree’s annual increment?

A

The amount of wood added to a tree’s diameter in one growing season

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13
Q

What is a tree’s branch aspect ratio?

A

The relationship between a branch’s diameter and the diameter of the trunk or parent branch at the point of attachment

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14
Q

What is a tree’s branch bark ridge?

A

The raised strip of bark that forms in the union between a branch and the trunk

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15
Q

What is a tree’s branch collar?

A

The swollen area at the base of a branch where it connects to the trunk, containing specialized tissues

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16
Q

What is a tree’s branch collar?

A

The swollen area at the base of a branch where it joins the trunk, containing specialized tissues

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17
Q

What is a tree’s branch protection zone?

A

A region of specialized tissue at the base of a branch that helps prevent the spread of decay into the trunk

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18
Q

What is a tree’s branch protection zone?

A

A region of specialized tissue at the base of a branch that helps prevent the spread of decay into the trunk

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19
Q

What is a tree’s branch shedding?

A

The natural process of trees dropping branches, often in response to environmental stress or as part of growth regulation

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20
Q

What is a tree’s branch union?

A

The point where a branch attaches to the trunk or to another branch

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21
Q

What is a tree’s buttress roots?

A

Large, wide roots that extend partly above ground, providing additional support to the tree

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22
Q

What is a tree’s cambial zone?

A

The area of actively dividing cells between the bark and wood, responsible for secondary growth

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23
Q

What is a tree’s conductive tissue?

A

The xylem and phloem tissues responsible for transporting water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the tree

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24
Q

What is a tree’s critical root zone?

A

The area of soil extending from the trunk to the drip line, containing the majority of a tree’s roots

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25
What is a tree’s crown?
The upper part of the tree, including branches, twigs, and leaves
26
What is a tree’s drip line?
The area directly under the outer circumference of the tree’s branches
27
What is a tree’s lateral meristem?
Tissue responsible for secondary growth, including the vascular cambium and cork cambium
28
What is a tree’s leader?
The main upward-growing stem or branch, typically the tallest and most dominant part of the tree
29
What is a tree’s reaction zone?
A barrier formed by living cells in response to injury or infection, helping to compartmentalize damage
30
What is a tree’s root cap?
A protective layer of cells at the tip of growing roots that aids in soil penetration
31
What is a tree’s root collar excavation?
The process of removing soil to expose the root collar, often done to assess tree health or correct planting depth
32
What is a tree’s root crown?
The area where the main roots join the trunk, often at or near the soil surface
33
What is a tree’s root exudate?
Substances released by tree roots into the surrounding soil, influencing soil chemistry and microbial activity
34
What is a tree’s root flare?
The area where the trunk expands at the base before transitioning into the root system
35
What is a tree’s root grafting?
The natural fusion of roots from two or more trees, allowing for the sharing of resources
36
What is a tree’s root plate?
The area of roots and soil directly beneath the trunk that provides stability to the tree
37
What is a tree’s root suberization?
The process of depositing suberin in root cell walls, creating a barrier to water and solute movement
38
What is a tree’s root zone?
The area of soil containing the majority of a tree’s roots, typically extending beyond the drip line
39
What is a tree’s scaffold branches?
The main structural branches that form the framework of a tree’s crown
40
What is a tree’s terminal bud?
The bud at the tip of a shoot that controls and promotes longitudinal growth
41
What is a tree’s vascular rays?
Radial strips of parenchyma cells that transport and store materials between the bark and inner wood
42
What is a tree’s vascular system?
The network of tissues (xylem and phloem) that transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the tree
43
What is allelopathy in trees?
The release of biochemicals by one tree species that affects the growth of nearby plants
44
What is apical dominance in trees?
The phenomenon where the main central stem of the tree grows more strongly than its side branches
45
What is apical meristem in trees?
The growing point at the tip of shoots and roots, responsible for primary growth
46
What is bark photosynthesis?
The process by which some tree species can perform photosynthesis in their bark, supplementing leaf photosynthesis
47
What is bark sloughing in trees?
The natural shedding of outer bark layers as the tree grows
48
What is cavitation in tree xylem?
The formation of air bubbles in the water-conducting vessels, potentially disrupting water transport
49
What is cellulose in trees?
The main structural component of cell walls in wood, giving trees their strength
50
What is chlorophyll in tree leaves?
The green pigment in leaves that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
51
What is compartmentalization in trees?
The process by which trees isolate damaged or infected wood to prevent further spread
52
What is epicormic sprouting in trees?
The growth of shoots from dormant buds on the trunk or branches, often in response to stress
53
What is heartwood in a tree?
The dense, inner part of a tree trunk, providing strength but no longer conducting water or nutrients
54
What is hydraulic conductivity in trees?
The ease with which water can move through the tree’s vascular system
55
What is included bark in trees?
Bark that becomes embedded in branch unions, leading to weak attachments
56
What is included phloem in trees?
Phloem tissue trapped within the wood, potentially leading to weak points in the tree’s structure
57
What is lignin in trees?
A complex polymer that provides strength and rigidity to cell walls in wood
58
What is photosynthesis in trees?
The process by which trees use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar
59
What is reaction wood in trees?
Wood formed in response to leaning or other stresses, helping the tree return to a vertical position
60
What is sapwood in a tree?
The younger, outer portion of a tree’s wood that conducts water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves
61
What is secondary growth in trees?
The increase in girth of stems and roots through the activity of the vascular cambium and cork cambium
62
What is the cambium layer in a tree?
A thin layer of cells between the bark and wood that produces new bark and wood tissue
63
What is the function of phloem in trees?
To transport sugars and other organic compounds from leaves to other parts of the tree
64
What is the function of tree bark?
Protection against damage, insulation, and transportation of nutrients
65
What is the function of tree buds?
To protect and give rise to new shoots, leaves, or flowers
66
What is the function of tree leaves?
Primary site for photosynthesis, gas exchange, and transpiration
67
What is the function of tree pith?
The soft, spongy tissue at the center of the trunk and branches, involved in nutrient storage and transport
68
What is the function of tree resin?
To seal and protect wounds, and deter pests and pathogens
69
What is the primary function of tree roots?
Absorption of water and nutrients, anchorage, and storage of carbohydrates
70
What is the purpose of tree sap?
To transport nutrients, hormones, and water throughout the tree
71
What is the root collar of a tree?
The transition zone between the root system and the trunk, often visible as a flare at the tree’s base
72
What is transpiration in trees?
The process of water movement through a tree and its evaporation from aerial parts, especially leaves
73
What is tree allelopathy?
The production and release of biochemicals by trees that influence the growth and development of nearby plants
74
What is tree callus tissue?
Undifferentiated tissue that forms over wounds, helping to seal and protect the injured area
75
What is tree compartmentalization of decay in trees (CODIT)?
A model describing how trees respond to and limit the spread of decay following injury
76
What is tree coppicing?
A method of woodland management where trees are cut back to ground level to stimulate new growth
77
What is tree dormancy?
A period of reduced metabolic activity, typically during winter, when growth and development slow or stop
78
What is tree etiolation?
The elongation of stems and pale coloration of leaves in response to insufficient light
79
What is tree girdling?
The complete removal of a strip of bark around a tree’s circumference, often leading to tree death
80
What is tree hydraulic architecture?
The arrangement and characteristics of a tree’s water-conducting tissues, influencing water transport efficiency
81
What is tree isohydric behavior?
A water regulation strategy where trees maintain relatively constant leaf water potential by closing stomata during drought
82
What is tree lignification?
The process of depositing lignin in cell walls, giving wood its strength and rigidity
83
What is tree osmosis?
The movement of water across cell membranes from areas of high concentration to low concentration
84
What is tree phototropism?
The growth response of trees to light, typically resulting in stems growing towards light sources
85
What is tree respiration?
The process by which trees break down sugars to release energy for growth and maintenance
86
What is tree sap pressure?
The force that moves sap upward through the tree, influenced by factors such as root pressure and transpiration
87
What is tree senescence?
The natural aging process of trees, leading to decreased vigor and eventual death
88
What is tree thigmomorphogenesis?
The response of trees to mechanical stress, such as wind, resulting in changes in growth patterns
89
What is tree transpiration pull?
The upward force created by transpiration that helps move water from roots to leaves
90
What is tree water potential?
A measure of the energy status of water in a tree, influencing water movement and uptake
91
What is tree wound wood?
Specialized wood formed around injuries to compartmentalize and cover the wounded area
92
What is tree xylem cavitation?
The formation of air bubbles in the water-conducting vessels of trees, potentially disrupting water transport
93
What is xylem in trees?
Specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients from roots to leaves and other parts of the tree

Arborists' Certification (2 decks)

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