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Arborists' Certification > Tree Biology > Flashcards

Tree Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are lenticels in tree bark?

A

Small pores that allow gas exchange between the inner tree tissues and the atmosphere

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2
Q

What are mycorrhizae?

A

Symbiotic associations between fungi and tree roots that enhance nutrient and water uptake

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3
Q

What are stomata in tree leaves?

A

Tiny pores on leaf surfaces that regulate gas exchange and water loss

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4
Q

What are the three main parts of a tree?

A

Roots, trunk (stem), and crown (branches and leaves)

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5
Q

What are tree auxins?

A

Plant hormones that regulate various aspects of growth and development, including cell elongation and root formation

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6
Q

What are tree feeder roots?

A

Small, fine roots responsible for most of the water and nutrient absorption in trees

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7
Q

What are tree growth flushes?

A

Periods of rapid shoot growth, often occurring in spring and early summer

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8
Q

What are tree growth regulators?

A

Hormones (auxins) that control various aspects of tree growth and development

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9
Q

What are tree growth rings?

A

Concentric circles of growth visible in the cross-section of a tree trunk, indicating annual growth

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10
Q

What are tree root hairs?

A

Microscopic extensions of root cells that increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption

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11
Q

What is a codominant stem in trees?

A

Two or more main stems of approximately equal size and importance originating from the same point on the trunk

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12
Q

What is a tree’s annual increment?

A

The amount of wood added to a tree’s diameter in one growing season

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13
Q

What is a tree’s branch aspect ratio?

A

The relationship between a branch’s diameter and the diameter of the trunk or parent branch at the point of attachment

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14
Q

What is a tree’s branch bark ridge?

A

The raised strip of bark that forms in the union between a branch and the trunk

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15
Q

What is a tree’s branch collar?

A

The swollen area at the base of a branch where it connects to the trunk, containing specialized tissues

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16
Q

What is a tree’s branch collar?

A

The swollen area at the base of a branch where it joins the trunk, containing specialized tissues

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17
Q

What is a tree’s branch protection zone?

A

A region of specialized tissue at the base of a branch that helps prevent the spread of decay into the trunk

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18
Q

What is a tree’s branch protection zone?

A

A region of specialized tissue at the base of a branch that helps prevent the spread of decay into the trunk

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19
Q

What is a tree’s branch shedding?

A

The natural process of trees dropping branches, often in response to environmental stress or as part of growth regulation

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20
Q

What is a tree’s branch union?

A

The point where a branch attaches to the trunk or to another branch

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21
Q

What is a tree’s buttress roots?

A

Large, wide roots that extend partly above ground, providing additional support to the tree

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22
Q

What is a tree’s cambial zone?

A

The area of actively dividing cells between the bark and wood, responsible for secondary growth

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23
Q

What is a tree’s conductive tissue?

A

The xylem and phloem tissues responsible for transporting water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the tree

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24
Q

What is a tree’s critical root zone?

A

The area of soil extending from the trunk to the drip line, containing the majority of a tree’s roots

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25
Q

What is a tree’s crown?

A

The upper part of the tree, including branches, twigs, and leaves

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26
Q

What is a tree’s drip line?

A

The area directly under the outer circumference of the tree’s branches

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27
Q

What is a tree’s lateral meristem?

A

Tissue responsible for secondary growth, including the vascular cambium and cork cambium

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28
Q

What is a tree’s leader?

A

The main upward-growing stem or branch, typically the tallest and most dominant part of the tree

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29
Q

What is a tree’s reaction zone?

A

A barrier formed by living cells in response to injury or infection, helping to compartmentalize damage

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30
Q

What is a tree’s root cap?

A

A protective layer of cells at the tip of growing roots that aids in soil penetration

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31
Q

What is a tree’s root collar excavation?

A

The process of removing soil to expose the root collar, often done to assess tree health or correct planting depth

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32
Q

What is a tree’s root crown?

A

The area where the main roots join the trunk, often at or near the soil surface

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33
Q

What is a tree’s root exudate?

A

Substances released by tree roots into the surrounding soil, influencing soil chemistry and microbial activity

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34
Q

What is a tree’s root flare?

A

The area where the trunk expands at the base before transitioning into the root system

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35
Q

What is a tree’s root grafting?

A

The natural fusion of roots from two or more trees, allowing for the sharing of resources

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36
Q

What is a tree’s root plate?

A

The area of roots and soil directly beneath the trunk that provides stability to the tree

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37
Q

What is a tree’s root suberization?

A

The process of depositing suberin in root cell walls, creating a barrier to water and solute movement

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38
Q

What is a tree’s root zone?

A

The area of soil containing the majority of a tree’s roots, typically extending beyond the drip line

39
Q

What is a tree’s scaffold branches?

A

The main structural branches that form the framework of a tree’s crown

40
Q

What is a tree’s terminal bud?

A

The bud at the tip of a shoot that controls and promotes longitudinal growth

41
Q

What is a tree’s vascular rays?

A

Radial strips of parenchyma cells that transport and store materials between the bark and inner wood

42
Q

What is a tree’s vascular system?

A

The network of tissues (xylem and phloem) that transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the tree

43
Q

What is allelopathy in trees?

A

The release of biochemicals by one tree species that affects the growth of nearby plants

44
Q

What is apical dominance in trees?

A

The phenomenon where the main central stem of the tree grows more strongly than its side branches

45
Q

What is apical meristem in trees?

A

The growing point at the tip of shoots and roots, responsible for primary growth

46
Q

What is bark photosynthesis?

A

The process by which some tree species can perform photosynthesis in their bark, supplementing leaf photosynthesis

47
Q

What is bark sloughing in trees?

A

The natural shedding of outer bark layers as the tree grows

48
Q

What is cavitation in tree xylem?

A

The formation of air bubbles in the water-conducting vessels, potentially disrupting water transport

49
Q

What is cellulose in trees?

A

The main structural component of cell walls in wood, giving trees their strength

50
Q

What is chlorophyll in tree leaves?

A

The green pigment in leaves that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

51
Q

What is compartmentalization in trees?

A

The process by which trees isolate damaged or infected wood to prevent further spread

52
Q

What is epicormic sprouting in trees?

A

The growth of shoots from dormant buds on the trunk or branches, often in response to stress

53
Q

What is heartwood in a tree?

A

The dense, inner part of a tree trunk, providing strength but no longer conducting water or nutrients

54
Q

What is hydraulic conductivity in trees?

A

The ease with which water can move through the tree’s vascular system

55
Q

What is included bark in trees?

A

Bark that becomes embedded in branch unions, leading to weak attachments

56
Q

What is included phloem in trees?

A

Phloem tissue trapped within the wood, potentially leading to weak points in the tree’s structure

57
Q

What is lignin in trees?

A

A complex polymer that provides strength and rigidity to cell walls in wood

58
Q

What is photosynthesis in trees?

A

The process by which trees use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar

59
Q

What is reaction wood in trees?

A

Wood formed in response to leaning or other stresses, helping the tree return to a vertical position

60
Q

What is sapwood in a tree?

A

The younger, outer portion of a tree’s wood that conducts water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves

61
Q

What is secondary growth in trees?

A

The increase in girth of stems and roots through the activity of the vascular cambium and cork cambium

62
Q

What is the cambium layer in a tree?

A

A thin layer of cells between the bark and wood that produces new bark and wood tissue

63
Q

What is the function of phloem in trees?

A

To transport sugars and other organic compounds from leaves to other parts of the tree

64
Q

What is the function of tree bark?

A

Protection against damage, insulation, and transportation of nutrients

65
Q

What is the function of tree buds?

A

To protect and give rise to new shoots, leaves, or flowers

66
Q

What is the function of tree leaves?

A

Primary site for photosynthesis, gas exchange, and transpiration

67
Q

What is the function of tree pith?

A

The soft, spongy tissue at the center of the trunk and branches, involved in nutrient storage and transport

68
Q

What is the function of tree resin?

A

To seal and protect wounds, and deter pests and pathogens

69
Q

What is the primary function of tree roots?

A

Absorption of water and nutrients, anchorage, and storage of carbohydrates

70
Q

What is the purpose of tree sap?

A

To transport nutrients, hormones, and water throughout the tree

71
Q

What is the root collar of a tree?

A

The transition zone between the root system and the trunk, often visible as a flare at the tree’s base

72
Q

What is transpiration in trees?

A

The process of water movement through a tree and its evaporation from aerial parts, especially leaves

73
Q

What is tree allelopathy?

A

The production and release of biochemicals by trees that influence the growth and development of nearby plants

74
Q

What is tree callus tissue?

A

Undifferentiated tissue that forms over wounds, helping to seal and protect the injured area

75
Q

What is tree compartmentalization of decay in trees (CODIT)?

A

A model describing how trees respond to and limit the spread of decay following injury

76
Q

What is tree coppicing?

A

A method of woodland management where trees are cut back to ground level to stimulate new growth

77
Q

What is tree dormancy?

A

A period of reduced metabolic activity, typically during winter, when growth and development slow or stop

78
Q

What is tree etiolation?

A

The elongation of stems and pale coloration of leaves in response to insufficient light

79
Q

What is tree girdling?

A

The complete removal of a strip of bark around a tree’s circumference, often leading to tree death

80
Q

What is tree hydraulic architecture?

A

The arrangement and characteristics of a tree’s water-conducting tissues, influencing water transport efficiency

81
Q

What is tree isohydric behavior?

A

A water regulation strategy where trees maintain relatively constant leaf water potential by closing stomata during drought

82
Q

What is tree lignification?

A

The process of depositing lignin in cell walls, giving wood its strength and rigidity

83
Q

What is tree osmosis?

A

The movement of water across cell membranes from areas of high concentration to low concentration

84
Q

What is tree phototropism?

A

The growth response of trees to light, typically resulting in stems growing towards light sources

85
Q

What is tree respiration?

A

The process by which trees break down sugars to release energy for growth and maintenance

86
Q

What is tree sap pressure?

A

The force that moves sap upward through the tree, influenced by factors such as root pressure and transpiration

87
Q

What is tree senescence?

A

The natural aging process of trees, leading to decreased vigor and eventual death

88
Q

What is tree thigmomorphogenesis?

A

The response of trees to mechanical stress, such as wind, resulting in changes in growth patterns

89
Q

What is tree transpiration pull?

A

The upward force created by transpiration that helps move water from roots to leaves

90
Q

What is tree water potential?

A

A measure of the energy status of water in a tree, influencing water movement and uptake

91
Q

What is tree wound wood?

A

Specialized wood formed around injuries to compartmentalize and cover the wounded area

92
Q

What is tree xylem cavitation?

A

The formation of air bubbles in the water-conducting vessels of trees, potentially disrupting water transport

93
Q

What is xylem in trees?

A

Specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients from roots to leaves and other parts of the tree

Arborists' Certification (2 decks)

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