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A-Level Germany > Treaty of Versailles > Flashcards

Treaty of Versailles Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Armistice of WW1

A

11th Nov 1918

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2
Q

Who were the Big Three?

A

USA, Britain, and France

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3
Q

When was the Paris Peace Conference and what did it entail?

A

January 18th 1919, the winning powers met to discuss what to do with Germany.

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4
Q

How was the issue of war guilt resolved, and was it fair?

A
  • A ‚War Guild Clause’ is put in, forcing Germany to take full responsibility for the war
  • Not fair, Austria-Hungary was the first country to go to war
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5
Q

How was the issue of German army size resolved, and was it fair?

A
  • Reduced to 100k troops
  • No subs
  • No airforce
  • No tanks
  • 6 battleships

Fair enough: no real need for defence, they had already lost

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6
Q

How large were German reparations?

A

$6.6 Billion, $134 Billion today

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7
Q

What were the names of German coal-rich regions?

A

Alsace-Lorraine and Rhineland.

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8
Q

How was the issue of Rhineland/Alsace-Lorraine resolved, and was it fair?

A
  • German troops forbidden from Rhineland Territory and anything within 50km east of the Rhine
  • Colonies lost
  • Much of Silesia, East Prussia, and Pomerania Lost to poland
  • Alsace Lorraine returned to France
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9
Q

What additional tings were established by the Treaty of Versailles

A
  • League of Nations
  • Union with Austria banned
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10
Q

What were Wilson’s 14 points? (name 5)

A
  • Open diplomacy without secret treaties
  • Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace
  • Equal trade conditions
  • Decrease of armaments in all nations
  • Adjustment of colonial claims
  • Evacuation of all central powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence
  • Belgium to be evacuated and restored
  • Return of Alsace-Lorraine and all French territories
  • Readjust Italian borders
  • Austria-Hungary to be provided opportunity for self determination
  • Redraw borders of Balkans, creating Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro
  • Create a Turkish state with guaranteed free trade with Dardanelles
  • Creation of independent Polish state
  • League of nations
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11
Q

What wasn’t mentioned in Wilson’s 14 points? (name three)

A
  • No mention of reparations, only reduction in size of German army
  • German colonies supposed to have ‚right to self-determination’, colonies actually just given to France
  • Germans not expecting a harsh treaty, and were shook
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12
Q

Some statistics on the Versailles Settlement:

A

Germany lost 13% of land, 48% of iron production, and 6 million citizens

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13
Q

Reaction of Big three

A
  • France rlly happy, lands etc.
  • Britain mid, more money ig
  • America: concerns of extreme severity, and unhappy that European colonial territories not reduced
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14
Q

Leaders of Big Three personal thoughts:

A
  • British PM Lloyd George most satisfied due to gain of German colonies and free trade with Germany
  • President Clemenceau unhappy, thinks should be more strict (e.g. no army and greater reparations). He is voted out partially for being TOO SOFT on reparations
  • Wilson: miserable
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15
Q

How was the Treaty perceived by the German public:

A
  • Named a dictated peace (diktat)
  • Army had been stabbed in the back by politicians (Dolchstoßlegende), and the politicians were known as ‘November Criminals’
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16
Q

What was the Political Crisis of June 1919?

A
  • Chancellor Scheidemann wanted to reject the treaty and resigned
  • New coalition government
  • President tells General that he would accept military action if effective, Groener is realistic, and says that there is no alternative
17
Q

What was the impact of WW1 on the German economy?

A
  • Reparations: inflationary pressures, dominating government spending
  • A massive loss of productive industrial areas, and a consequent reduction in industrial capacity, resource extraction.
  • Lack of investment
  • Poor demography, less men, and thus less workers, and less children
  • PTSD and political instability
18
Q

What was the German post-war debt?

A
  • 144bn gold marks (double check), held by the German people, War Widow pensions
19
Q

What was the impact of reparations on the economy?

A
  • Germany didn’t have enough gold to fulfil obligations
  • Treaty demanded some reparations to be payed in coal, which was problematic due to the loss of the Saarland and Silesia
  • Weren’t allowed to pay in certain goods
  • Couldn’t trade much as entire merchant fleet taken and high tariffs on German goods
20
Q

Why was inflation a problem in the post-war German economy?

A
  • People didn’t save money, so it had to be borrowed from foreign banks
  • Impoverishes people
  • Makes ppl lost faith in the currency which damages all forms of investment
21
Q

What did politicians do in response to inflation?

A
  • They just let the prices rise, as it suited industrialist who had taken out loans, as they could pay them back at much lower prices.
22
Q

Why did France and Belgium invade the Ruhr, and when?

A

Germany had fallen seriously behind in reparations payments by the end of 1922, and the French were convinced that Germany was holding out on them.

9th JANUARY 1923

23
Q

How did Germany respond to the invasion?

A
  • Passive resistance
  • Army sabotage of French operations
  • Stopping of all reparations
24
Q

What was the economic impact of the invasion?

A
  • Hyperinflation
  • Had to import coal using limited foreign reserves
  • Shortages of goods
  • Output of the Ruhr in May 1923=1/5 of year prior
25
Q

Who were the winners of hyperinflation?

A
  • Black marketeers, who bought up food stock and sold it at vastly inflated prices
  • Those with debts
  • Cheap loans helped small business
  • Those who leased property at a fixec rate
  • Foreign currency owners
  • Farmers, where money was less important, but food was in constant demand
26
Q

Who were the losers of hyperinflation?

A
  • Pensioners, war widows on fixed pensions
  • Patriots, who bought war bonds
  • Landlords with fixed rents
  • Non-unionised workers
27
Q

How was inflation solved?

A
  • New currency (Rentenmark) introduced, backed by land
  • Backed by US Gold Reserve, loans from US
  • Calling off of passive resistance
28
Q

Who were the leaders of the Spartacist movement?

A
  • Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemboug
29
Q

How long did the Spartacist uprising last?

A

8 days

30
Q

Who told the two Freikorps units of the Kapp Putsch to disband?

A

The defence minister, Gustav Noske

31
Q

Who was the commander general of the two Freikorps units told to disband?

A

Commanding General Walther von Lüttwitz.

32
Q

Who were the people that supported the Kapp Putsch?

A

General Hans von Seeckt and Ludendorrf, but didn’t voice their support.

33
Q

How many people were convicted of the 12000 that participated in the Kapp Putsch?

A

705 prosecuted, one person punished. Failure of judicial class to prosecute shows sympathies.

34
Q

Who were the men that right wing nationalists were intent on eliminating as figures that had ‘betrayed’ Germany?

A
  • Hugo Hasse: USPD member, member of Council of People’s commissars, shot in front of Reichstag in October 1919
  • Matthias Erzberger: Former finance minister, assassinated in Black forest, by members of terrorist organisation consul, already shot in January. Led German delegation for armistice, signed TofV.
  • Walter Rathenau: 24th June 1922, popular, leading minister in Republican gov, negotiated to improve TofV
35
Q

Who are the Organisational Consul?

A

An ultra-nationalist, anti-semitic terrorist group formed mostly of disbanded Freikorps. Formed after failure of Kapp Putsch. Particularly active in Berlin. Wanted to install a right-wing dictatorship.

36
Q

How many people were part of the Organisational Consul?

A

Approximately 5000

A-Level Germany (4 decks)

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