Treatments Flashcards
1
Q
Balanitis
A
twice-daily bathing of the affected area with saline solution, antifungal
2
Q
Gonococcal urethritis
A
antibiotics
3
Q
Nongonococcal urethritis
A
antibiotics
4
Q
Acute bacterial prostatitis
A
refer to ED, antibiotics
5
Q
Epididymitis or Orchitis
A
antibiotics, NSAIDs, ice, scrotal elevation
6
Q
Kidney stones (calcium or uric acid)
A
hydration, NSAIDs, xanthine oxidase inhibitors
7
Q
Renal abscess
A
antibiotics, drainage
8
Q
Renal cell carcinoma
A
surgery
9
Q
Transitional cell carcinoma
A
surgery, chemo, radiation, Antineoplastic Agent
10
Q
IgA nephropathy
A
Angiotensin inhibition, SGLT2 inhibitors, antihypertensive therapies, corticosteroids
11
Q
Polycystic kidney disease
A
ACE inhibitors, reduce sodium, increase water
12
Q
Pyelonephritis
A
antibiotics
13
Q
Hydronephrosis
A
refer to ED
14
Q
Sickle cell disease
A
Hydroxyurea, blood transfusion, immunization, antibiotics
15
Q
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
A
referral to oncologist, biopsy, surgery, radiation therapy, and concurrent chemotherapy,
16
Q
Bladder Cancer
A
referral to oncologist, biopsy, surgery, radiation therapy, and concurrent chemotherapy,
17
Q
Acute cystitis
A
antibiotics
18
Q
Radiation cystitis
A
hydration and anticholinergic bladder medications, refer to ED if severe
19
Q
BPH
A
surgery, lifestyle mod (↓ fluid at night, diuretics, bladder irritants, avoid constipation, exercise, weight control), alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers
20
Q
Prostate cancer
A
referral, radiation, surgery, surveillance,
21
Q
Schistosomiasis infection
A
corticosteroids, Anthelminthic therapy
22
Q
NSAID hematuria
A
remove drug
23
Q
Wegner’s granulomatosis
A
Monoclonal Antibody, Antineoplastic Agent, glucocorticoid,
24
Q
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
A
ED
25
cystocele
pessary, pelvic floor, estrogen, surgery
26
Reactive arthritis
antibiotics, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, DMARDS
27
Urethral stricture
dilation, endoscopic urethrotomy, suprapubic tube, perineal urethrostomy, and surgical reconstruction of the urethra
28
Cauda Equina
refer to ED
29
Urge incontinence
bladder training, Antimuscarinic agents, biofeedback, botox, avoiding caffine and alcohol
30
Bladder outlet obstruction
surgery
31
Detrusor underactivity
stop meds, treat constipation (laxatives), intermittent catheterization
32
Chronic urinary retention
catheterization
33
Stress incontinence
pessaries, SNRI, surgery,
34
Mixed incontinence
weight loss, healthy diet, manage constipation, pelvic floor exercises, bladder training
35
Diabetes insipidus
decrease salt, diuretics, NSAIDs, exogenous ADH
36
Interstitial cystitis
PT, Tricyclic antidepressants, lifestyle mod
37
Vaginitis
antibiotics, antifungal, 5-nitroimidazole drugs,
38
MS
monoclonal antibodies
39
Delirium
correct underlying cause, antipsychotic medications, benzodiazepines
40
Dementia
cholinesterase inhibitors
41
Genitourinary syndrome of menopause/vaginal atrophy
moisturizers, lubricants, vaginal estrogen, transdermal estrogen, oral estrogen, progesterone if uterus
42
DM Type 1
diet, exercise, metformin, insulin,
43
Stool impaction
laxatives, water, fiber
44
TIA
Refer to ED, antiplatelet treatment
45
Vascular insufficiency
compressions socks, diuretics, leg elevation, exercise,
46
Stroke
refer to ED,
47
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Epley maneuver, Semont Maneuver, Lempert roll maneuver
48
Meniere disease
Reduce salt intake, vestibular rehabilitation
49
Vestibular neuronitis
glucocorticoids
50
Labyrinthitis
glucocorticoids
51
Acoustic neuroma
surgery, radiation, and observation
52
Perilymph fistula
rest and restrict activity, blood patch injections, perilymph fistula surgery
53
Otitis media
antibiotics
54
Sinusitis viral
analgesics, saline irrigation, intranasal glucocorticoids,
55
bacterial sinusitis
antibiotics
56
Cholesteatoma
aural toilet/ keep ear clean and dry, topical antibiotics, surgery
57
Reflex syncope
avoid triggers, counterpressure maneuvers, supine positon with legs raised, increase water and salt, compression socks
58
Orthostatic
increase salt and water, compressions stockings, fludorocortisone, sympathomimetic agents
59
Arrhythmia
anti- arrhythmic drugs, referral cardiology
60
Neurosyphilis
antibiotic, glucocorticoids
61
Ototoxic and salt-retaining drugs
stop drug
62
head trauma
refer to ED, surgery
63
Tension-type headache
NSAIDs, acetaminophen
64
Migraine w/ or w/o aura
NSAIDS, acetaminophen, triptans, dopamine receptor blocker
65
Mixed headache
NSAIDS, acetaminophen, triptans, dopamine receptor blocker
66
Cluster headache
oxygen, triptans, calcium channel blocker, glucocorticoids
67
Benign exertional headache
NSAIDs
68
Dental disorders
dentist, brush teeth, antibiotics
69
Pharyngitis
NSAID, aspirin, acetaminophen, lozenges, throat sprays, rest, water, tea
70
Meningitis
refer to ED antibiotics
71
Trigeminal neuralgia
Antiseizure
72
Optic neuritis
corticosteroids
73
Cervical spine disorders
refer to ED if trauma, manipulation if just misaligned vertebrae
74
Temporal arteritis
ED, glucocorticoids, antiplatelets
75
Carbon monoxide poisoning
oxygen, ED, hyperbaric oxygen therapy
76
Severe hypoglycemia
refer to ED
77
Drug withdrawal
ED
78
Dietary ingestion (tyramines, MSG, and nitrates)
avoid these foods,
79
Intracranial tumor
surgery, ED, glucocorticoids, antiseizure
80
Hydrocephalus
ED
81
Subdural hematoma
ED
82
Pseudotumor cerebri
refer for lumbar puncture, weight loss, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, diuretics
83
Brain abscess
surgery, antimicrobial
84
Intracerebral hemorrhage
ED
85
Myasthenia gravis
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor
86
Hypothyroid
T4, T3, Levothyroxine
87
Anemia
iron supplementation, B12/folate supplementation, iron/b12/folate rich foods, treat underlying cause
88
Depression
SSRIs, SNRIs, counseling
89
Fibromyalgia
address comorbidities, exercise, TCA
90
Inclusion body myositis
exercise, fall prevention, hand strengthening, nutrition, creatine
91
Polymyositis
glucocorticoids
92
Dermatomyosisits
glucocorticoids
93
SLE
NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, antimalarial agents, chemotherapeutic
94
Systemic sclerosis
NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, antimalarial,
95
RA
DMARDs, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids
96
Sjogrens
glucocorticoids, DMARDs, antimalarial drugs, alkylating agents
97
Cushing’s syndrome
surgery, Adrenal enzyme inhibitors, glucocorticoid antagonist, radiation, Dopamine (D2) Agonist, Somatostatin Analog
98
Hypokalemia
refer to ED, replacement of potassium and magnesium,
99
Hypophosphatemia
ED, oral or intravenous phosphate
100
Hypoparathyroidism
calcium, vit D, PTH,
101
Chronic Kidney disease
nephrologist
102
Adrenal insufficiency/Addisons disease
glucocorticoids
103
Hyponatremia
ED
104
Rhabdomyolysis
calcium supplementation, dialysis, diuretics, antigout agents, recombinant xanthine oxidase
105
Lyme
antibiotics, corticosteroids
106
Cerumen impaction
Cerumenolytic agents
Irrigation
Manual removal
107
HIV
- antiretroviral therapy (ART), PEPSE, PEP
- HIV counseling, sexual health education
- vaccines/immunizations
108
Diabetic neuropathy
insulin, antidepressants, antiseizure,
109
Guillain-Barré syndrome
ED
110
Vocal chord paralysis
Referral to EENT
111
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Glutamate Inhibitor, Free Radical Scavenger, and histone deacetylase inhibitor
112
Carpal tunnel
wrist splinting, glucocorticoid injections, surgery
113
Tarsal tunnel
glucocorticoid injections, surgery
114
Lead
reduce exposure, specialist referral, chelation
115
Thoracic outlet syndrome
PT, NSAIDs, steroids, botulinum toxin, Anticoagulation, surgery
116
Barotrauma
- Conservative treatment- watch and wait
- Immediate referral to otolaryngologist for any patient presenting with vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, nystagmus, or an eardrum perforation greater than 25 percent of the drum in order to limit the risk for permanent hearing loss and dizziness.
117
Multiple Myeloma
autologous transplant, chemo,
118
Restless leg
iron, sleep hygiene, exercise, avoid triggers, Dopamine Precursor
119
Periodic limb movement
iron, sleep hygiene, exercise, avoid triggers, Dopamine Precursor
120
Foreign Body in Ear
- Water irrigaton
- Attempt to extract once with alligator forceps, roman loops, right angle ball hooks, and suction; if not removed referral to EENT for removal
- Live insects: alcohol, 2% lidocane or mineral oil into ear canal
121
Obstructive sleep apnea
CPAP machine, weight loss, avoid alcohol, side sleeping
122
Narcolepsy
sleep specialist
123
Delayed sleep phase syndrome
melatonin, morning light therapy, avoid evening light
124
Poor sleep hygiene
no screens, dark room, quiet
125
Menopause
estrogen,
126
Cholesteatoma
Referral to EENT
127
Delirium
correct underlying cause, antipsychotic medications, benzodiazepines
128
acne vulgaris
- topical retinoids
- benzyl peroxide
- topical antibiotics
129
rosacea
- for erythema: topical brimonidine, laser or pulsed light therapy
- for papules/pustules: topical metronidazole, azelaic acid, topical ivermectin
130
impetigo
- topical therapy (mild): Mupirocin and retapamulin
- antibiotics
131
folliculitis
- daily washing with antimicrobial cleanser
- antibiotics (topical and oral)
132
furuncle
- incision and drainage
- antibiotics
133
carbuncle
- incision and drainage
- antibiotics
134
erythema infectiosum
- none (rash usually self-limited)
- if other sxs of parvovirus B19 infection present: NSAIDs (arthritis/arthralgia), oxygen transfusions (aplastic crisis), blood transfusion (fetal hydrops), chronic infection (IV immunoglobulin)
135
measles
supportive treatment: antipyretics, fluids
136
rubella
Supportive therapy: antipyretics, oral fluids
137
pityriasis rosea
- patient education/reassurance: lesions will self-resolve
- manage pruritis: topical corticosteroids
138
scarlet fever
- no tx for skin rash
- antibiotics
139
roseola
usually supportive treatment: antipyretics, monitoring fluid intake
140
hand, foot, and mouth disease
- usually supportive treatment
- referral to hospital if: inability to keep fluids down, neurologic/cardiovascular complications
141
Appendicitis
Referral to ED
142
Ectopic Pregnancy
- Referral to OB/GYN
- Methotrexate or surgery
- If hemodynamically unstable- referral to ED
143
Peptic Ulcer perforation
- Referral to ED
- educate on NSAID use, stop smoking
- H. pylori eradication
- PPIs
- endoscopy ablation
144
AAA Dissection
- Referral to ED/ICU
- IV analgesic (morphine)
- hypertensive medication, beta-blocker, vasodilator
- surgery (stent, graft, TEVAR)
145
Cholecystitis or lithiasis
- NSAIDs for pain management
- Referral to ED if the pain does not resolve within 4 hours of the start of pain.
- keyhole surgery (cholecystectomy)
146
insect bites
- local reactions: wash w/ soap and water, ice pack, antihistamines
- urticaria: antihistamines, topical corticosteroids
- systemic allergic reactions: EpiPen
147
bed bugs
- no treatment necessary for bites d/t spontaneous resolution (for pruritis: may use topical corticosteroids or antihistamines)
- maintain good hygiene
- avoid scratching
- psychologic support
148
herpes simplex virus
antivirals
149
herpes zoster
antivirals
150
varicella zoster
- supportive treatment: antihistamines, closely cut fingernails, antipyretics
- antivirals (for those at risk of complications)
151
candidiasis
antifungals
152
tinea
antifungals
153
pityriasis (tinea) versicolor
topical antifungals
154
eczema/atopic dermatitis
- avoid triggers (i.e. heat, low humidity)
- keep skin moisturized
- topical corticosteroids
155
contact/allergic dermatitis
- identify/avoid allergen
- topical corticosteroids
156
psoriasis
- topical corticosteroids + emollients
- phototherapy
- referral to dermatologist
157
seborrheic dermatitis
topical antifungals
158
erythema multiforme
- remove trigger
- topical corticosteroids
159
urticaria
- antihistamines
- referral to allergy specialist (if allergy suspected)
160
IBS
Dietary modification- low FODMAP or strict traditional IBS diet
161
malignant melanoma
- surgical excision
- immunotherapy
- targeted therapies
- radiation
162
Constipation
Adequate water intake and dietary fiber and bulk-forming laxatives (psyllium or methylcellulose), laxatives.
163
BCC
surgical excision OR curettage and electrodesiccation (C&E)
164
Colon Cancer
Referral to oncology
165
Acute gastroenteritis
Supportive measures:
- Hydration and electrolytes
- Antiemetics
- Antimotility agents
166
Ulcerative colitis
- topical (rectal) mesalamine
- mesalamine enemas administered rectally once daily if it has reached higher in the colon
167
Crohn Disease
- Enteric-coated budesonide
- Oral glucocorticoids
168
Celiac Disease
- Lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet
- Address nutritional deficiencies
- Patient Education
169
Gastric Cancer
Referral to oncology
170
Hemorrhoids
Irritation or pruritus: analgesic creams, hydrocortisone suppositories, and warm sitz baths
Bleeding hemorrhoids: initially conservative with dietary modification or external creams
Surgery also an option
171
SCC
- surgical excision (1st line)
- others: C&E, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy
172
Acute intestinal obstruction
Referral to ED
173
Biliary obstruction
Referral to ED
174
Candida albicans overgrowth
Systemic anti-fungal therapy- fluconazole
175
Gastritis
176
Hypochlorohydria
HCL supplements and enzymes
177
Pancreatic cancer
Referral to oncology
178
Strep throat
Antibiotics
179
Bronchitis
- Symptom control for cough or for concurrent cold
- pain relief, NSAIDs
- drink lots of fluids
- stop smoking
- rest
- decongestant
180
Conjunctivitis
Self limiting; can consider antibiotics, Topical antihistamine/decongestants, hot cold compresses, Nonantibiotic lubricating agents
181
breast cancer
referral to oncologist
182
breast cyst
none (monitored with imaging and clinical exam depending on type of cyst)
183
fibroadenoma (breast)
- none
- excisional surgery
184
breast abscess
- refer
- drainage
- antibiotics
185
fat necrosis (breast)
none
186
lipoma (breast)
- none
- surgical excision
187
GERD
- Diet and lifestyle modification: weight loss, stop smoking, reduce alcohol, raise head atnight, small meals, avoid hot drinks
- drugs to avoid: nitrates, anticholinergics, tricyclic antidepressants, NSAIDs, potassium salts, alendronate
- PPis, antacids, and/or sodium alginate
- H. pylori eradication
188
ruptured implant
remove implants
189
mastitis/acute abcess
- drainage
- antibiotics
190
fibrocystic breast changes
- none
- pain relief: NSAIDs, Tylenol
- aspiration
191
Poor rest and sleep
- Sleep hygiene
- Sleep aids
192
Poor nutritional status
diet and supplementation
193
intraductal papilloma
- none
- surgical excision
194
Anxiety
counseling, antidepressants, SSRIs (sertraline), benzodiapepine, beta-blocker (propranolol), anxiety-management courses, CBT, self-help devices (books, local groups), stop alcohol/cannabis/smoking
195
duct ectasia
- none
- surgical excision
196
Hyperthyroidism
Antithyroid drugs (thionamides), radioiodine, or surgery
beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers
thyroidectomy
197
PID
antibiotics or ED, education (sexual activity, medication adherence, screening and prevention of STIs, and partner therapy)
198
Osteomyelitis
refer to ED, surgery, antibiotics
199
Heart Failure
diuretic, SGLT2 inhibitor, MRA, antihypertensives,
- stop smoking, limit alcohol, weight loss, healthy diet, exercise
- vaccines/immunizations
- ACEs/ARBs, beta-blockers, diuretics
- aspirin, anticoagulants
- ICD, pacemaker
200
hyperprolactinemia
dopamine agonists
201
mastalgia (cyclic and non-cyclic)
- physical support (undergarments, compresses)
- analgesics
202
Diabetes Type 1
Insulin
203
Allergic Rhinitis
204
URI
Mild: rest and hydration
moderate to severe: analgesics, antihistamines, mast cell stabilizer, anticholinergic
205
Drugs and alcohol consumption
Diet and lifestyle
Alcohol and/or drug counseling
206
Chronic Hepatitis C
education, vaccination, antivirals, reduce meds hard on liver
207
Alcoholic hepatitis
remove alcohol, increase water, healthy diet,
mild to moderate
severe: glucocorticoids, pentoxifylline, liver transplant,
208
Hepatitis B
acute: supportive, antivirals
chronic: antivirals
209
Infectious mononucleosis
supportive therapy: NSAIDs, antivirals,
emergent: corticosteroids
210
infectious rhinitis
211
Non-allergic Rhinitis
212
Cystic Fibrosis
CFRTR modulators, inhaled airway clearance agents, chest physiotherapy, exercise
213
Intake/energy balance
exercise, diet
214
Nonorganic failure to thrive
exercise, diet
215
TB
antituberculosis drugs, sputum monitoring
- notify CDC
- notify and test all people and/or household contacts
216
Crohn disease
corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, DMARDs, immunosuppressant
217
Anorexia nervosa
counseling, inpatient facilities, Nutrional rehabilitation
218
Malabsorption
antidiarrheals, dietary, nutrient and vitamin supplementation,
219
Kawasaki Disease
intravenous immune globulin, aspirin, glucocorticoids
220
Otitis externa
antibiotics
221
Chronic fatigue syndrome
sleep hygiene, antidepressants, NSAIDs, exercise, corticosteroid
222
myocarditis
- Generally, no treatment required
Bed rest
- NSAIDs for fever and pain
- Antibiotics
- Steroids if GCM
- Stop alcohol
223
stable angina
- modification of risk factors (stress, exercise, drug list)
- rest during attack
- GTN sprays or tablets every 5 mins
- call 911 if not relieved after 3rd dose
- Beta-blocker or calcium channel blocker
- aspirin
- statin
- ACE inhibitor (diabetes)
224
muscle strain (intercostal muscle, pectoralis minor/major)
- treatment is generally not required
- rest and ice
- NSAIDs, pain relief medications
- PT for strengthening, endurance, posture, and breathing
225
Rib fracture
- NSAIDs, pain relief medication
- rest with ice
- incentive spirometer
- surgery (rib plating, surgical rib fixation)
226
pneumonia
- doxycycline clarithromycin, or erythromycin (pregnancy)
- rifampicin with macrolide if severe legionella infection
- fluoroquinolones
227
pneumothorax
- urgent decompression
- IPPV
- needle aspiration, chest drain
- supplemental oxygen
- thoracic surgery, pleurectomy
228
costochondritis
- generally benign and self-limiting
- NSAIDs, pain relief medications
- local injection corticosteroids
- intercostal nerve block
- Chiropractic referral, physiotherapy for mobility
229
Ischemic heart disease
- beta-blocker
- anti-hypertensive, diuretic
- aspirin
- statin
- GTN
230
COPD
- bronchodilator (LABA, tablets)
- steroid inhaler or steroid tablets
- mucolytic medication
- PT, exercise, nutrition referral/advice, stop smoking, vaccines
- home oxygen
- Opioid medication (morphine, codeine)
- diazepam
231
Pulmonary Embolism
- initial resuscitation
- NSAIDs, pain relief, morphine
- anticoagulation therapy
- UFH infusion, thrombolytic therapy
- inferior vena cava filters
- surgical embolectomy
232
Pericarditis
- NSAIDs, pain relief medications
- colchicine
- steroid medications
- treatment of infection (TB, bacteria)
233
pancreatitis
- IV fluids
- IV analgesics
- antibiotics
- ITU if acute and severe
- alcohol counselling
- psychogenic counselling
- stop smoking
- high protein, low carb diet
- NSAIDs for pain management
- pancreatic enzymes
- surgery (pancreatoduodenectomy)
234
pregnancy
Establish prenatal care:
- health education/promotion (dietary/lifestyle counseling)
- hx/PEs
- routine US
- standard lab panel:
*RhD type and red blood cell antibody screen.
*Hematocrit/hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume (MCV).
*Documentation of immunity to rubella and varicella.
*Qualitative assessment of urine protein.
*Assessment for asymptomatic bacteriuria. We suggest urine culture.
*Cervical cancer screening according to standard guidelines.
*Testing for syphilis (algorithm 1), hepatitis B antigen (algorithm 2), hepatitis C antibody, and chlamydia
235
PCOS
- lifestyle changes (diet, exercise)
- COCs
236
Asherman syndrome
surgery - hysteroscopic resection
237
ovarian failure
estrogen therapy
238
Sheehan syndrome
HRT
239
pituitary adenoma
- surgical removal
- radiation therapy
- dopamine agonists
240
infectious endocarditis
- antimicrobial therapy (oral or IV)
241
ACS/MI
- 911, immediate ER admission
242
rheumatic fever/RHD
- antibiotics (IM benzathine penicillin)
- aspirin
- surgery (mitral valve repair)
243
pericardial effusion
- oxygen
- treatment of underlying condition
- IV fluids (dehydration)
- surgery (pericardiocentesis, pericardiostomy)
244
atrial fibrillation
- beta-blocker (propranolol)
- calcium-channel blocker (verapamil)
- cardioversion (amiodarone)
245
supraventricular tachycardia
- stop episode (drink cold water, hold breath, face in cold water)
- IV adenosine, verapamil, beta-blocker
- electric shock
246
mitral valve prolapse
- low risk – no treatment required
- avoid caffeine, alcohol, smoking
- beta-blockers
- surgery (valve repair, valve leaflet repair)
247
mitral regurgitation
- asymptomatic – no treatment required
- surgery (mitral valve repair/replacement)
- nitrates
- diuretics
- sodium nitroprusside
- ACE inhibitor
248
heart valve disease
- depends on the valve affected
- ACE inhibitor
- diuretic
- anticoagulation medication
- surgery (valve repair/replacement)
249
emphysema
- reduce exposure
- stop smoking
- surgery (lung transplant, endobronchial valve)
250
cardiac tamponade
- oxygen
- bed rest with leg elevation
- positive inotropic drugs (dobutamine)
- pericardiocentesis, drainage
- corticosteroids, tetracycline, antineoplastic drugs (as needed)
251
cardiomyopathy
- genetic testing
- activity restriction
- heart transplant
- implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
252
hypertension
- low sodium diet, exercise, reduce alcohol, reduce caffeine, stop smoking
- ACE inhibitors, ARBs
- diuretic
- alpha/beta-blocker
253
hypertension
- low sodium diet, exercise, reduce alcohol, reduce caffeine, stop smoking
- ACE inhibitors, ARBs
- diuretic
- alpha/beta-blocker
254
aortic stenosis
- avoid heavy exercise
- surgery (valve replacement)/TAVI procedure
- digoxin, diuretics, ACEs/ARBs
- ant-arrhythmic drugs
255
pulmonary stenosis
- monitoring closely by cardiology
- balloon valvotomy, cardiac catheterization
- surgery (valve repair/replacement)
256
aortic regurgitation
- avoid heavy exercise, contact sports
- monitoring every 1-2 years
- vasodilators, inotropic agents
- ACEs. ARBs
- surgery (valve repair/replacement)
257
coronary artery disease
- reduce alcohol, stop smoking, reduce stress/anxiety
- nitrates
- calcium-channel blockers
- beta-blockers
- ICDs, pacemaker
- surgery (stent, grafts)
258
ventricular tachycardia
- basic life support
- oxygen
- epicardial catheterization
- ICDs, pacemaker
- amiodarone
259
vasovagal syncope
- lie down flat, squat down on heels
- tilt training, leg crossing, arm tensing
- avoid alcohol, plenty of fluid, raise head in bed
- SSRIs
- compression stockings
- increase salt intake
- surgery (pacemaker)
260
asthma
- stepwise approach
- beta-agonist inhaler
- steroid inhaler
- LABA
- oral steroids
261
anaphylaxis
- lay flat
- oxygen
- adrenaline (epinephrine) IM
- IV fluids
- hydrocortisone
- medical emergency bracelet/device
262
pulmonary hypertension
- oxygen
- diuretics
- digoxin
- calcium-channel blocker
- prostacyclin
- phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors
- lung transplant
263
pulmonary regurgitation
- treat underlying cause
- monitoring every 1-3 years
- surgery (pulmonary valve replacement, heart transplant)
264
atherosclerosis
- healthy diet exercise
- statins
- aspirin
- angioplasty, CABG, stent
- blood pressure medications
265
iron deficiency anemia
- oral iron salts
- iron-rich foods
- parenteral iron
266
hemolytic anemia
- folic acid
- discontinue medications aggravating hemolysis
- transfusion therapy
- iron supplementation
- splenectomy
267
macrocytic anemia
- hydroxocobalamin IV
- folic acid tablets
268
pernicious anemia/B12 deficiency
- hydroxocobalamin IM
- nutritional referral, diet modification
269
thalassemia
- occasional blood transfusion during periods of rapid growth, infection, or pregnancy
- splenectomy
- iron chelation
- regular hyper-transfusion
- care by a multidisciplinary team
- avoid iron-rich foods, iron supplementation
270
sideroblastic anemia
- RBC transfusion
- iron chelation
- avoid alcohol, reduce vitamin C intake
- recombinant EPO
- pyridoxine, ciclosporin
271
anemia of chronic disease
- EPO
- transfusion
- iron supplementation
- treating underlying condition
272
leiomyoma
referral for surgery
273
bacterial vaginosis
antibiotics
274
endometriosis
NSAIDs
COCs
275
ovarian cancer
referral to oncologist
276
ovarian cyst
- monitoring (can self-resolve)
- oral contraceptives
