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OSCE 2 > Treatments > Flashcards

Treatments Flashcards

1
Q

Balanitis

A

twice-daily bathing of the affected area with saline solution, antifungal

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2
Q

Gonococcal urethritis

A

antibiotics

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3
Q

Nongonococcal urethritis

A

antibiotics

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4
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis

A

refer to ED, antibiotics

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5
Q

Epididymitis or Orchitis

A

antibiotics, NSAIDs, ice, scrotal elevation

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6
Q

Kidney stones (calcium or uric acid)

A

hydration, NSAIDs, xanthine oxidase inhibitors

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7
Q

Renal abscess

A

antibiotics, drainage

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8
Q

Renal cell carcinoma

A

surgery

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9
Q

Transitional cell carcinoma

A

surgery, chemo, radiation, Antineoplastic Agent

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10
Q

IgA nephropathy

A

Angiotensin inhibition, SGLT2 inhibitors, antihypertensive therapies, corticosteroids

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11
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

ACE inhibitors, reduce sodium, increase water

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12
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

antibiotics

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13
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

refer to ED

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14
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Hydroxyurea, blood transfusion, immunization, antibiotics

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15
Q

Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder

A

referral to oncologist, biopsy, surgery, radiation therapy, and concurrent chemotherapy,

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16
Q

Bladder Cancer

A

referral to oncologist, biopsy, surgery, radiation therapy, and concurrent chemotherapy,

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17
Q

Acute cystitis

A

antibiotics

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18
Q

Radiation cystitis

A

hydration and anticholinergic bladder medications, refer to ED if severe

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19
Q

BPH

A

surgery, lifestyle mod (↓ fluid at night, diuretics, bladder irritants, avoid constipation, exercise, weight control), alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers

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20
Q

Prostate cancer

A

referral, radiation, surgery, surveillance,

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21
Q

Schistosomiasis infection

A

corticosteroids, Anthelminthic therapy

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22
Q

NSAID hematuria

A

remove drug

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23
Q

Wegner’s granulomatosis

A

Monoclonal Antibody, Antineoplastic Agent, glucocorticoid,

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24
Q

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

A

ED

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25
Q

cystocele

A

pessary, pelvic floor, estrogen, surgery

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26
Q

Reactive arthritis

A

antibiotics, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, DMARDS

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27
Q

Urethral stricture

A

dilation, endoscopic urethrotomy, suprapubic tube, perineal urethrostomy, and surgical reconstruction of the urethra

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28
Q

Cauda Equina

A

refer to ED

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29
Q

Urge incontinence

A

bladder training, Antimuscarinic agents, biofeedback, botox, avoiding caffine and alcohol

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30
Q

Bladder outlet obstruction

A

surgery

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31
Q

Detrusor underactivity

A

stop meds, treat constipation (laxatives), intermittent catheterization

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32
Q

Chronic urinary retention

A

catheterization

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33
Q

Stress incontinence

A

pessaries, SNRI, surgery,

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34
Q

Mixed incontinence

A

weight loss, healthy diet, manage constipation, pelvic floor exercises, bladder training

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35
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

decrease salt, diuretics, NSAIDs, exogenous ADH

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36
Q

Interstitial cystitis

A

PT, Tricyclic antidepressants, lifestyle mod

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37
Q

Vaginitis

A

antibiotics, antifungal, 5-nitroimidazole drugs,

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38
Q

MS

A

monoclonal antibodies

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39
Q

Delirium

A

correct underlying cause, antipsychotic medications, benzodiazepines

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40
Q

Dementia

A

cholinesterase inhibitors

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41
Q

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause/vaginal atrophy

A

moisturizers, lubricants, vaginal estrogen, transdermal estrogen, oral estrogen, progesterone if uterus

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42
Q

DM Type 1

A

diet, exercise, metformin, insulin,

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43
Q

Stool impaction

A

laxatives, water, fiber

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44
Q

TIA

A

Refer to ED, antiplatelet treatment

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45
Q

Vascular insufficiency

A

compressions socks, diuretics, leg elevation, exercise,

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46
Q

Stroke

A

refer to ED,

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47
Q

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

A

Epley maneuver, Semont Maneuver, Lempert roll maneuver

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48
Q

Meniere disease

A

Reduce salt intake, vestibular rehabilitation

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49
Q

Vestibular neuronitis

A

glucocorticoids

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50
Q

Labyrinthitis

A

glucocorticoids

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51
Q

Acoustic neuroma

A

surgery, radiation, and observation

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52
Q

Perilymph fistula

A

rest and restrict activity, blood patch injections, perilymph fistula surgery

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53
Q

Otitis media

A

antibiotics

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54
Q

Sinusitis viral

A

analgesics, saline irrigation, intranasal glucocorticoids,

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55
Q

bacterial sinusitis

A

antibiotics

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56
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

aural toilet/ keep ear clean and dry, topical antibiotics, surgery

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57
Q

Reflex syncope

A

avoid triggers, counterpressure maneuvers, supine positon with legs raised, increase water and salt, compression socks

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58
Q

Orthostatic

A

increase salt and water, compressions stockings, fludorocortisone, sympathomimetic agents

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59
Q

Arrhythmia

A

anti- arrhythmic drugs, referral cardiology

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60
Q

Neurosyphilis

A

antibiotic, glucocorticoids

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61
Q

Ototoxic and salt-retaining drugs

A

stop drug

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62
Q

head trauma

A

refer to ED, surgery

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63
Q

Tension-type headache

A

NSAIDs, acetaminophen

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64
Q

Migraine w/ or w/o aura

A

NSAIDS, acetaminophen, triptans, dopamine receptor blocker

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65
Q

Mixed headache

A

NSAIDS, acetaminophen, triptans, dopamine receptor blocker

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66
Q

Cluster headache

A

oxygen, triptans, calcium channel blocker, glucocorticoids

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67
Q

Benign exertional headache

A

NSAIDs

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68
Q

Dental disorders

A

dentist, brush teeth, antibiotics

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69
Q

Pharyngitis

A

NSAID, aspirin, acetaminophen, lozenges, throat sprays, rest, water, tea

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70
Q

Meningitis

A

refer to ED antibiotics

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71
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

Antiseizure

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72
Q

Optic neuritis

A

corticosteroids

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73
Q

Cervical spine disorders

A

refer to ED if trauma, manipulation if just misaligned vertebrae

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74
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

ED, glucocorticoids, antiplatelets

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75
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

oxygen, ED, hyperbaric oxygen therapy

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76
Q

Severe hypoglycemia

A

refer to ED

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77
Q

Drug withdrawal

A

ED

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78
Q

Dietary ingestion (tyramines, MSG, and nitrates)

A

avoid these foods,

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79
Q

Intracranial tumor

A

surgery, ED, glucocorticoids, antiseizure

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80
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

ED

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81
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

ED

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82
Q

Pseudotumor cerebri

A

refer for lumbar puncture, weight loss, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, diuretics

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83
Q

Brain abscess

A

surgery, antimicrobial

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84
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhage

A

ED

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85
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor

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86
Q

Hypothyroid

A

T4, T3, Levothyroxine

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87
Q

Anemia

A

iron supplementation, B12/folate supplementation, iron/b12/folate rich foods, treat underlying cause

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88
Q

Depression

A

SSRIs, SNRIs, counseling

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89
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

address comorbidities, exercise, TCA

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90
Q

Inclusion body myositis

A

exercise, fall prevention, hand strengthening, nutrition, creatine

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91
Q

Polymyositis

A

glucocorticoids

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92
Q

Dermatomyosisits

A

glucocorticoids

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93
Q

SLE

A

NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, antimalarial agents, chemotherapeutic

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94
Q

Systemic sclerosis

A

NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, antimalarial,

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95
Q

RA

A

DMARDs, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids

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96
Q

Sjogrens

A

glucocorticoids, DMARDs, antimalarial drugs, alkylating agents

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97
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

surgery, Adrenal enzyme inhibitors, glucocorticoid antagonist, radiation, Dopamine (D2) Agonist, Somatostatin Analog

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98
Q

Hypokalemia

A

refer to ED, replacement of potassium and magnesium,

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99
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

ED, oral or intravenous phosphate

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100
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

calcium, vit D, PTH,

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101
Q

Chronic Kidney disease

A

nephrologist

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102
Q

Adrenal insufficiency/Addisons disease

A

glucocorticoids

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103
Q

Hyponatremia

A

ED

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104
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

calcium supplementation, dialysis, diuretics, antigout agents, recombinant xanthine oxidase

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105
Q

Lyme

A

antibiotics, corticosteroids

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106
Q

Cerumen impaction

A

Cerumenolytic agents
Irrigation
Manual removal

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107
Q

HIV

A
  • antiretroviral therapy (ART), PEPSE, PEP
  • HIV counseling, sexual health education
  • vaccines/immunizations
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108
Q

Diabetic neuropathy

A

insulin, antidepressants, antiseizure,

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109
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

ED

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110
Q

Vocal chord paralysis

A

Referral to EENT

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111
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

Glutamate Inhibitor, Free Radical Scavenger, and histone deacetylase inhibitor

112
Q

Carpal tunnel

A

wrist splinting, glucocorticoid injections, surgery

113
Q

Tarsal tunnel

A

glucocorticoid injections, surgery

114
Q

Lead

A

reduce exposure, specialist referral, chelation

115
Q

Thoracic outlet syndrome

A

PT, NSAIDs, steroids, botulinum toxin, Anticoagulation, surgery

116
Q

Barotrauma

A
  • Conservative treatment- watch and wait
  • Immediate referral to otolaryngologist for any patient presenting with vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, nystagmus, or an eardrum perforation greater than 25 percent of the drum in order to limit the risk for permanent hearing loss and dizziness.
117
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

autologous transplant, chemo,

118
Q

Restless leg

A

iron, sleep hygiene, exercise, avoid triggers, Dopamine Precursor

119
Q

Periodic limb movement

A

iron, sleep hygiene, exercise, avoid triggers, Dopamine Precursor

120
Q

Foreign Body in Ear

A
  • Water irrigaton
  • Attempt to extract once with alligator forceps, roman loops, right angle ball hooks, and suction; if not removed referral to EENT for removal
  • Live insects: alcohol, 2% lidocane or mineral oil into ear canal
121
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea

A

CPAP machine, weight loss, avoid alcohol, side sleeping

122
Q

Narcolepsy

A

sleep specialist

123
Q

Delayed sleep phase syndrome

A

melatonin, morning light therapy, avoid evening light

124
Q

Poor sleep hygiene

A

no screens, dark room, quiet

125
Q

Menopause

A

estrogen,

126
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

Referral to EENT

127
Q

Delirium

A

correct underlying cause, antipsychotic medications, benzodiazepines

128
Q

acne vulgaris

A
  • topical retinoids
  • benzyl peroxide
  • topical antibiotics
129
Q

rosacea

A
  • for erythema: topical brimonidine, laser or pulsed light therapy
  • for papules/pustules: topical metronidazole, azelaic acid, topical ivermectin
130
Q

impetigo

A
  • topical therapy (mild): Mupirocin and retapamulin
  • antibiotics
131
Q

folliculitis

A
  • daily washing with antimicrobial cleanser
  • antibiotics (topical and oral)
132
Q

furuncle

A
  • incision and drainage
  • antibiotics
133
Q

carbuncle

A
  • incision and drainage
  • antibiotics
134
Q

erythema infectiosum

A
  • none (rash usually self-limited)
  • if other sxs of parvovirus B19 infection present: NSAIDs (arthritis/arthralgia), oxygen transfusions (aplastic crisis), blood transfusion (fetal hydrops), chronic infection (IV immunoglobulin)
135
Q

measles

A

supportive treatment: antipyretics, fluids

136
Q

rubella

A

Supportive therapy: antipyretics, oral fluids

137
Q

pityriasis rosea

A
  • patient education/reassurance: lesions will self-resolve
  • manage pruritis: topical corticosteroids
138
Q

scarlet fever

A
  • no tx for skin rash
  • antibiotics
139
Q

roseola

A

usually supportive treatment: antipyretics, monitoring fluid intake

140
Q

hand, foot, and mouth disease

A
  • usually supportive treatment
  • referral to hospital if: inability to keep fluids down, neurologic/cardiovascular complications
141
Q

Appendicitis

A

Referral to ED

142
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A
  • Referral to OB/GYN
  • Methotrexate or surgery
  • If hemodynamically unstable- referral to ED
143
Q

Peptic Ulcer perforation

A
  • Referral to ED
  • educate on NSAID use, stop smoking
  • H. pylori eradication
  • PPIs
  • endoscopy ablation
144
Q

AAA Dissection

A
  • Referral to ED/ICU
  • IV analgesic (morphine)
  • hypertensive medication, beta-blocker, vasodilator
  • surgery (stent, graft, TEVAR)
145
Q

Cholecystitis or lithiasis

A
  • NSAIDs for pain management
  • Referral to ED if the pain does not resolve within 4 hours of the start of pain.
  • keyhole surgery (cholecystectomy)
146
Q

insect bites

A
  • local reactions: wash w/ soap and water, ice pack, antihistamines
  • urticaria: antihistamines, topical corticosteroids
  • systemic allergic reactions: EpiPen
147
Q

bed bugs

A
  • no treatment necessary for bites d/t spontaneous resolution (for pruritis: may use topical corticosteroids or antihistamines)
  • maintain good hygiene
  • avoid scratching
  • psychologic support
148
Q

herpes simplex virus

A

antivirals

149
Q

herpes zoster

A

antivirals

150
Q

varicella zoster

A
  • supportive treatment: antihistamines, closely cut fingernails, antipyretics
  • antivirals (for those at risk of complications)
151
Q

candidiasis

A

antifungals

152
Q

tinea

A

antifungals

153
Q

pityriasis (tinea) versicolor

A

topical antifungals

154
Q

eczema/atopic dermatitis

A
  • avoid triggers (i.e. heat, low humidity)
  • keep skin moisturized
  • topical corticosteroids
155
Q

contact/allergic dermatitis

A
  • identify/avoid allergen
  • topical corticosteroids
156
Q

psoriasis

A
  • topical corticosteroids + emollients
  • phototherapy
  • referral to dermatologist
157
Q

seborrheic dermatitis

A

topical antifungals

158
Q

erythema multiforme

A
  • remove trigger
  • topical corticosteroids
159
Q

urticaria

A
  • antihistamines
  • referral to allergy specialist (if allergy suspected)
160
Q

IBS

A

Dietary modification- low FODMAP or strict traditional IBS diet

161
Q

malignant melanoma

A
  • surgical excision
  • immunotherapy
  • targeted therapies
  • radiation
162
Q

Constipation

A

Adequate water intake and dietary fiber and bulk-forming laxatives (psyllium or methylcellulose), laxatives.

163
Q

BCC

A

surgical excision OR curettage and electrodesiccation (C&E)

164
Q

Colon Cancer

A

Referral to oncology

165
Q

Acute gastroenteritis

A

Supportive measures:
- Hydration and electrolytes
- Antiemetics
- Antimotility agents

166
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A
  • topical (rectal) mesalamine
  • mesalamine enemas administered rectally once daily if it has reached higher in the colon
167
Q

Crohn Disease

A
  • Enteric-coated budesonide
  • Oral glucocorticoids
168
Q

Celiac Disease

A
  • Lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet
  • Address nutritional deficiencies
  • Patient Education
169
Q

Gastric Cancer

A

Referral to oncology

170
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Irritation or pruritus: analgesic creams, hydrocortisone suppositories, and warm sitz baths

Bleeding hemorrhoids: initially conservative with dietary modification or external creams

Surgery also an option

171
Q

SCC

A
  • surgical excision (1st line)
  • others: C&E, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy
172
Q

Acute intestinal obstruction

A

Referral to ED

173
Q

Biliary obstruction

A

Referral to ED

174
Q

Candida albicans overgrowth

A

Systemic anti-fungal therapy- fluconazole

175
Q

Gastritis

A
176
Q

Hypochlorohydria

A

HCL supplements and enzymes

177
Q

Pancreatic cancer

A

Referral to oncology

178
Q

Strep throat

A

Antibiotics

179
Q

Bronchitis

A
  • Symptom control for cough or for concurrent cold
  • pain relief, NSAIDs
  • drink lots of fluids
  • stop smoking
  • rest
  • decongestant
180
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Self limiting; can consider antibiotics, Topical antihistamine/decongestants, hot cold compresses, Nonantibiotic lubricating agents

181
Q

breast cancer

A

referral to oncologist

182
Q

breast cyst

A

none (monitored with imaging and clinical exam depending on type of cyst)

183
Q

fibroadenoma (breast)

A
  • none
  • excisional surgery
184
Q

breast abscess

A
  • refer
  • drainage
  • antibiotics
185
Q

fat necrosis (breast)

A

none

186
Q

lipoma (breast)

A
  • none
  • surgical excision
187
Q

GERD

A
  • Diet and lifestyle modification: weight loss, stop smoking, reduce alcohol, raise head atnight, small meals, avoid hot drinks
  • drugs to avoid: nitrates, anticholinergics, tricyclic antidepressants, NSAIDs, potassium salts, alendronate
  • PPis, antacids, and/or sodium alginate
  • H. pylori eradication
188
Q

ruptured implant

A

remove implants

189
Q

mastitis/acute abcess

A
  • drainage
  • antibiotics
190
Q

fibrocystic breast changes

A
  • none
  • pain relief: NSAIDs, Tylenol
  • aspiration
191
Q

Poor rest and sleep

A
  • Sleep hygiene
  • Sleep aids
192
Q

Poor nutritional status

A

diet and supplementation

193
Q

intraductal papilloma

A
  • none
  • surgical excision
194
Q

Anxiety

A

counseling, antidepressants, SSRIs (sertraline), benzodiapepine, beta-blocker (propranolol), anxiety-management courses, CBT, self-help devices (books, local groups), stop alcohol/cannabis/smoking

195
Q

duct ectasia

A
  • none
  • surgical excision
196
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Antithyroid drugs (thionamides), radioiodine, or surgery
beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers
thyroidectomy

197
Q

PID

A

antibiotics or ED, education (sexual activity, medication adherence, screening and prevention of STIs, and partner therapy)

198
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

refer to ED, surgery, antibiotics

199
Q

Heart Failure

A

diuretic, SGLT2 inhibitor, MRA, antihypertensives,
- stop smoking, limit alcohol, weight loss, healthy diet, exercise
- vaccines/immunizations
- ACEs/ARBs, beta-blockers, diuretics
- aspirin, anticoagulants
- ICD, pacemaker

200
Q

hyperprolactinemia

A

dopamine agonists

201
Q

mastalgia (cyclic and non-cyclic)

A
  • physical support (undergarments, compresses)
  • analgesics
202
Q

Diabetes Type 1

A

Insulin

203
Q

Allergic Rhinitis

A
204
Q

URI

A

Mild: rest and hydration
moderate to severe: analgesics, antihistamines, mast cell stabilizer, anticholinergic

205
Q

Drugs and alcohol consumption

A

Diet and lifestyle
Alcohol and/or drug counseling

206
Q

Chronic Hepatitis C

A

education, vaccination, antivirals, reduce meds hard on liver

207
Q

Alcoholic hepatitis

A

remove alcohol, increase water, healthy diet,
mild to moderate
severe: glucocorticoids, pentoxifylline, liver transplant,

208
Q

Hepatitis B

A

acute: supportive, antivirals
chronic: antivirals

209
Q

Infectious mononucleosis

A

supportive therapy: NSAIDs, antivirals,
emergent: corticosteroids

210
Q

infectious rhinitis

A
211
Q

Non-allergic Rhinitis

A
212
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

CFRTR modulators, inhaled airway clearance agents, chest physiotherapy, exercise

213
Q

Intake/energy balance

A

exercise, diet

214
Q

Nonorganic failure to thrive

A

exercise, diet

215
Q

TB

A

antituberculosis drugs, sputum monitoring
- notify CDC
- notify and test all people and/or household contacts

216
Q

Crohn disease

A

corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, DMARDs, immunosuppressant

217
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

counseling, inpatient facilities, Nutrional rehabilitation

218
Q

Malabsorption

A

antidiarrheals, dietary, nutrient and vitamin supplementation,

219
Q

Kawasaki Disease

A

intravenous immune globulin, aspirin, glucocorticoids

220
Q

Otitis externa

A

antibiotics

221
Q

Chronic fatigue syndrome

A

sleep hygiene, antidepressants, NSAIDs, exercise, corticosteroid

222
Q

myocarditis

A
  • Generally, no treatment required
    Bed rest
  • NSAIDs for fever and pain
  • Antibiotics
  • Steroids if GCM
  • Stop alcohol
223
Q

stable angina

A
  • modification of risk factors (stress, exercise, drug list)
  • rest during attack
  • GTN sprays or tablets every 5 mins
  • call 911 if not relieved after 3rd dose
  • Beta-blocker or calcium channel blocker
  • aspirin
  • statin
  • ACE inhibitor (diabetes)
224
Q

muscle strain (intercostal muscle, pectoralis minor/major)

A
  • treatment is generally not required
  • rest and ice
  • NSAIDs, pain relief medications
  • PT for strengthening, endurance, posture, and breathing
225
Q

Rib fracture

A
  • NSAIDs, pain relief medication
  • rest with ice
  • incentive spirometer
  • surgery (rib plating, surgical rib fixation)
226
Q

pneumonia

A
  • doxycycline clarithromycin, or erythromycin (pregnancy)
  • rifampicin with macrolide if severe legionella infection
  • fluoroquinolones
227
Q

pneumothorax

A
  • urgent decompression
  • IPPV
  • needle aspiration, chest drain
  • supplemental oxygen
  • thoracic surgery, pleurectomy
228
Q

costochondritis

A
  • generally benign and self-limiting
  • NSAIDs, pain relief medications
  • local injection corticosteroids
  • intercostal nerve block
  • Chiropractic referral, physiotherapy for mobility
229
Q

Ischemic heart disease

A
  • beta-blocker
  • anti-hypertensive, diuretic
  • aspirin
  • statin
  • GTN
230
Q

COPD

A
  • bronchodilator (LABA, tablets)
  • steroid inhaler or steroid tablets
  • mucolytic medication
  • PT, exercise, nutrition referral/advice, stop smoking, vaccines
  • home oxygen
  • Opioid medication (morphine, codeine)
  • diazepam
231
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A
  • initial resuscitation
  • NSAIDs, pain relief, morphine
  • anticoagulation therapy
  • UFH infusion, thrombolytic therapy
  • inferior vena cava filters
  • surgical embolectomy
232
Q

Pericarditis

A
  • NSAIDs, pain relief medications
  • colchicine
  • steroid medications
  • treatment of infection (TB, bacteria)
233
Q

pancreatitis

A
  • IV fluids
  • IV analgesics
  • antibiotics
  • ITU if acute and severe
  • alcohol counselling
  • psychogenic counselling
  • stop smoking
  • high protein, low carb diet
  • NSAIDs for pain management
  • pancreatic enzymes
  • surgery (pancreatoduodenectomy)
234
Q

pregnancy

A

Establish prenatal care:

  • health education/promotion (dietary/lifestyle counseling)
  • hx/PEs
  • routine US
  • standard lab panel:
    *RhD type and red blood cell antibody screen.

*Hematocrit/hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume (MCV).

*Documentation of immunity to rubella and varicella.

*Qualitative assessment of urine protein.

*Assessment for asymptomatic bacteriuria. We suggest urine culture.

*Cervical cancer screening according to standard guidelines.

*Testing for syphilis (algorithm 1), hepatitis B antigen (algorithm 2), hepatitis C antibody, and chlamydia

235
Q

PCOS

A
  • lifestyle changes (diet, exercise)
  • COCs
236
Q

Asherman syndrome

A

surgery - hysteroscopic resection

237
Q

ovarian failure

A

estrogen therapy

238
Q

Sheehan syndrome

A

HRT

239
Q

pituitary adenoma

A
  • surgical removal
  • radiation therapy
  • dopamine agonists
240
Q

infectious endocarditis

A
  • antimicrobial therapy (oral or IV)
241
Q

ACS/MI

A
  • 911, immediate ER admission
242
Q

rheumatic fever/RHD

A
  • antibiotics (IM benzathine penicillin)
  • aspirin
  • surgery (mitral valve repair)
243
Q

pericardial effusion

A
  • oxygen
  • treatment of underlying condition
  • IV fluids (dehydration)
  • surgery (pericardiocentesis, pericardiostomy)
244
Q

atrial fibrillation

A
  • beta-blocker (propranolol)
  • calcium-channel blocker (verapamil)
  • cardioversion (amiodarone)
245
Q

supraventricular tachycardia

A
  • stop episode (drink cold water, hold breath, face in cold water)
  • IV adenosine, verapamil, beta-blocker
  • electric shock
246
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A
  • low risk – no treatment required
  • avoid caffeine, alcohol, smoking
  • beta-blockers
  • surgery (valve repair, valve leaflet repair)
247
Q

mitral regurgitation

A
  • asymptomatic – no treatment required
  • surgery (mitral valve repair/replacement)
  • nitrates
  • diuretics
  • sodium nitroprusside
  • ACE inhibitor
248
Q

heart valve disease

A
  • depends on the valve affected
  • ACE inhibitor
  • diuretic
  • anticoagulation medication
  • surgery (valve repair/replacement)
249
Q

emphysema

A
  • reduce exposure
  • stop smoking
  • surgery (lung transplant, endobronchial valve)
250
Q

cardiac tamponade

A
  • oxygen
  • bed rest with leg elevation
  • positive inotropic drugs (dobutamine)
  • pericardiocentesis, drainage
  • corticosteroids, tetracycline, antineoplastic drugs (as needed)
251
Q

cardiomyopathy

A
  • genetic testing
  • activity restriction
  • heart transplant
  • implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
252
Q

hypertension

A
  • low sodium diet, exercise, reduce alcohol, reduce caffeine, stop smoking
  • ACE inhibitors, ARBs
  • diuretic
  • alpha/beta-blocker
253
Q

hypertension

A
  • low sodium diet, exercise, reduce alcohol, reduce caffeine, stop smoking
  • ACE inhibitors, ARBs
  • diuretic
  • alpha/beta-blocker
254
Q

aortic stenosis

A
  • avoid heavy exercise
  • surgery (valve replacement)/TAVI procedure
  • digoxin, diuretics, ACEs/ARBs
  • ant-arrhythmic drugs
255
Q

pulmonary stenosis

A
  • monitoring closely by cardiology
  • balloon valvotomy, cardiac catheterization
  • surgery (valve repair/replacement)
256
Q

aortic regurgitation

A
  • avoid heavy exercise, contact sports
  • monitoring every 1-2 years
  • vasodilators, inotropic agents
  • ACEs. ARBs
  • surgery (valve repair/replacement)
257
Q

coronary artery disease

A
  • reduce alcohol, stop smoking, reduce stress/anxiety
  • nitrates
  • calcium-channel blockers
  • beta-blockers
  • ICDs, pacemaker
  • surgery (stent, grafts)
258
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A
  • basic life support
  • oxygen
  • epicardial catheterization
  • ICDs, pacemaker
  • amiodarone
259
Q

vasovagal syncope

A
  • lie down flat, squat down on heels
  • tilt training, leg crossing, arm tensing
  • avoid alcohol, plenty of fluid, raise head in bed
  • SSRIs
  • compression stockings
  • increase salt intake
  • surgery (pacemaker)
260
Q

asthma

A
  • stepwise approach
  • beta-agonist inhaler
  • steroid inhaler
  • LABA
  • oral steroids
261
Q

anaphylaxis

A
  • lay flat
  • oxygen
  • adrenaline (epinephrine) IM
  • IV fluids
  • hydrocortisone
  • medical emergency bracelet/device
262
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A
  • oxygen
  • diuretics
  • digoxin
  • calcium-channel blocker
  • prostacyclin
  • phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors
  • lung transplant
263
Q

pulmonary regurgitation

A
  • treat underlying cause
  • monitoring every 1-3 years
  • surgery (pulmonary valve replacement, heart transplant)
264
Q

atherosclerosis

A
  • healthy diet exercise
  • statins
  • aspirin
  • angioplasty, CABG, stent
  • blood pressure medications
265
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A
  • oral iron salts
  • iron-rich foods
  • parenteral iron
266
Q

hemolytic anemia

A
  • folic acid
  • discontinue medications aggravating hemolysis
  • transfusion therapy
  • iron supplementation
  • splenectomy
267
Q

macrocytic anemia

A
  • hydroxocobalamin IV
  • folic acid tablets
268
Q

pernicious anemia/B12 deficiency

A
  • hydroxocobalamin IM
  • nutritional referral, diet modification
269
Q

thalassemia

A
  • occasional blood transfusion during periods of rapid growth, infection, or pregnancy
  • splenectomy
  • iron chelation
  • regular hyper-transfusion
  • care by a multidisciplinary team
  • avoid iron-rich foods, iron supplementation
270
Q

sideroblastic anemia

A
  • RBC transfusion
  • iron chelation
  • avoid alcohol, reduce vitamin C intake
  • recombinant EPO
  • pyridoxine, ciclosporin
271
Q

anemia of chronic disease

A
  • EPO
  • transfusion
  • iron supplementation
  • treating underlying condition
272
Q

leiomyoma

A

referral for surgery

273
Q

bacterial vaginosis

A

antibiotics

274
Q

endometriosis

A

NSAIDs
COCs

275
Q

ovarian cancer

A

referral to oncologist

276
Q

ovarian cyst

A
  • monitoring (can self-resolve)
  • oral contraceptives

OSCE 2 (3 decks)

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