Treatment Of Psychological Disorders Flashcards
What is the goal of behavior therapy?
To extinguish unwanted behavior and replace it with more adaptive behavior
In the behavioral approach, what is abnormal behavior the result of ?
What are therapies based off of?
Abnormal behavior is the result of maladaptive behavior learned through faulty rewards and punishment
Therapies are based on classical conditioning, operant condition, and observational or social learning theory
In the behavioral approach, what are exposure treatments?
They are behavioral treatments in which the people are exposed to the objects or situations they dread
In behavioral approaches, what is systematic desensitization?
It was developed by Joseph Wolpe; reconditioning so that the conditioned stimulus elicits the new conditioned response
The person will create a hierarchy of anxieties (lowest to highest stimulus)
Basically, gradual exposure, going up that hierarchy
In behavioral approach, what is flooding?
Client is fully exposed to the anxiety producing stimulus in a harmless and controlled situation form which he or she cannot escape until extinction is achieved
No baby steps like systematic desensitization
In behavioral approaches, what is aversion therapy? Can it be harmful?
Trains the client to associate physical or psychological discomfort with the behaviors, thoughts, or situations that they want to stop or avoid
An unpleasant consequence will eventually stop the behavior
Aversion therapy and flooding can be harmful if done carelessly
In behavioral approaches, what is behavior modification?
The client selects a goal and with each step toward it, receives a small reward until the intended goal is finally achieved
In behavioral approaches, what is token economy? What does it encourage and discourage?
Positive behaviors are rewarded with secondary reinforcers (tokens, points,) which can eventually be exchanged for extrinsic rewards
Often used to encourage socially acceptable behaviors and discourage socially unacceptable ones
In cognitive approaches, what is Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy? What is cognitive all about? Why do symptoms of depression grow? What does cognitive therapy alleviate?
Cognitive = all about thinking
Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking that the thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Beck stated that symptoms of depression grew as a result of cognitive dysfunction
Cognitive therapy alleviates faulty and negative thoughts
In cognitive therapies, what is Beck’s cognitive triad?
Three interrelated and dysfunctional types of automatic thinking
1.Negative thoughts about self
2.negative thoughts about the world
3.negative thoughts about the future
Cognitive distortions feed off of each other
What is catastrophizing ?
It’s when people jump to the worst possible conclusion/outcome
“If I don’t earn a 5 on my AP psych exam, my life will be ruined”
What is all or none thinking?
It when you think in extremes
You’re either a success or a failure, your performance was perfect or terrible
What is personalization?
A cognitive distortion where a person blames themselves in a way that is disproportionate to the outcome
“The teacher didn’t call on me because she hates me”
In cognitive therapies, what is the claim of cognitive behavioral therapists? What is cognitive restructuring?
Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty thought patterns
Turning the faulty disordered thoughts into more realistic thoughts.
In cognitive approaches, what is Rational Emotive Behavior therapy (REBT)? Who developed it? What is ABS of treatment?
Developed by Albert Ellis, claims psychological problems arise when thoughts are irrational and lead to behavioral consequences that are distressful
Helps the client confront irrational thoughts by discussing his or her actions, his or her beliefs about those actions, and consequences of those beliefs
This is normally a very direct and confrontational type of therapy
In insight therapies, what is psychotherapy or counseling therapy? What is the eclectic approach?
An umbrella term that describes the treatment of mental health problems through interaction between trained psychologists and those seeking help to achieve higher levels of functioning
Many mental health professionals take ideas from a variety of approaches to best serve the client
What are insight therapies supposed to help with?
Help clients understand the causes of their problems. This understanding or insight will then help clients gain greater control over their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
In insight theories, what is psychoanalysis? How to resolve unconscious conflicts? How frequently were sessions during traditional psychoanalysis?
To uncover the unconscious content of a client’ psyche in order to alleviate psychic tension
Going back into the unconscious to discover the roots of the problem
Two or three sessions a week for up to 7 years
In insight therapies, what is psychodynamic therapy?
It evolved from Freud’s original approach, based on the ideas that a person’s development is often determined by forgotten events in early childhood
It is less expensive and extensive therapy
In insight therapies, what is free association? What happens to the ego as trust increases?
The client spontaneously reports thoughts, feelings, and mental images that come to mind
As trust increases, ego will lower to reveal the unconscious
In insight therapies, what is resistance?
The patient’s conscious or unconscious attempt to block disturbing memories, motives, and experiences
In insight therapies, what is transference? What did Freud believe about it? What is the job of the therapist when transference occurs?
The process by which a patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings onto the therapist
Freud believed that transference helps patients gain insight by reliving painful past memories
The job of the therapist is to detect when transference is happening and help them understand what it reveals
In insight therapies, what is dream analysis? What did Freud believe about it? What do psychoanalysts look at?
Dreams are symbolic representations of unconscious conflicts and repressed impulses
Dream interpretation is a means of interpreting their unconscious conflicts, motives, and desires
Psychoanalysts look at the latent (underlying) content as opposed to the manifest (storyline content)
In insight therapy, what is humanistic therapy? What are some qualities of it?
Aims to boost self fulfillment by helping people grow in self awareness and self acceptance
Don’t focus on the past as much
Explore feelings as they occur rather than looking into childhood origins
Conscious rather than unconscious thoughts
Who should you associate with Humanistic psychology, and person centered (rogerian therapy)
Carl Rogers
What is person centered (Rogerian therapy) or non directive therapy?
The therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward insights
What are four things you can expect in Person centered therapy?
Unconditional positive regard- acceptance no matter what
Empathy- understand and truly resonate with what the client is experiencing
Genuineness- therapist is willing to be open and honest
Active listening- therapist listens, rephrases, repeats, clarifies
What is Gestalt therapy? Who developed it? What is the empty chair technique?
Developed by Fritz Perls, goal is to push clients to decide whether they will allow past conflicts to control their future or whether they will take control of their own destiny
Empty chair technique- the patient sits in front of an empty chair and imagines that the person to who they need to express their feelings to is in that chair
What are self help groups?
A facilitator organizes the meetings, but there is an absence of a trained psychotherapist directing the process of the group
What is biomedical therapy?
It is based on the claim that symptoms of many psychological disorders involve biological factors, medication, or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
In biomedical therapy, what is psychopharmacology? Do the drugs cure the disorders? When are the drugs more efffctive?
The study of how psychotropic drugs affect mental behavior and processes
Don’t cure, only treat the symptoms
The drugs are more effective when used in conjunction with psychotherapy
In biomedical therapy, what are anti anxiety drugs (anxiolytic)? What disorders are they used for? Brand names? Effects?
Designed to reduce anxiety and produce relaxation by lowering sympathetic activity in the brain
PTSD, panic disorder, social phobia, OCD
Xanax, Librium, Ativan, Valium
depresses central nervous system, reduces apprehension and nervousness
Typically treats short term anxiety
In biomedical therapy, what are antidepressant drugs? SSRI vs SNRI? What disorders are they used for? Brand names? Effects? Side effects?
Elevate mood by affecting NT’s such as serotonin that are linked to depression
SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) block the reuptake of serotonin
SNRI (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors)
Depression, long term treatment of anxiety disorders, PTSD, OCD
Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lexapro, Wellbutrin
Improves mood by reducing absorption of NT’s serotonin and norepinephrine
Nausea, weight gain, dry mouth, reduced sex drive, blurred vision, suicidal ideation
In biomedical therapy, what are mood stabilizing drugs? What disorders are they used for? Brand names? Effects? Side effects?
Designed to treat the combination of manic episodes and depression characteristics of bipolar disorder because they reduce dramatic mood swings
Bipolar disorders
Lithium, Lamotrigine
Reduces manic episodes and depressive episodes
Dry mouth, heart arrhythmia, swelling, nausea, loss of appetite
In biomedical therapy, what are stimulants? What disorders is it used for? Brand names? Effects? Side effects?
Stimulate the control of the nervous system, stop the absorption of dopamine and norepinephrine and allow the brain to experience more stimulation
ADD/ADHD
Ritalin, Adderall, Dexedrine
Improves focus and attention by preventing the absorption of dopamine and norepinephrine
Decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, headache, stomach ache
In biomedical therapy, what are antipsychotic drugs? What disorders is it used for? Brand names? Effects? Side effects?
Designed to diminish or eliminate positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms. Decrease activity at the dopamine receptors in the brain.
Schizophrenia, extreme cases of bipolar disorder
Haldol, Prolixin, Thorazine
Reduces psychotic symptoms like delusions and hallucinations by inhibiting dopamine
Tardive dyskinesia (movement disorder), Parkinson like tremors
In biomedical therapy, what is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
A biological treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient’s forehead
Typically used on depressed people, trying to reset your hypothalamus
In biomedical therapy, what is psychosurgery or neurosurgery? What is bilateral anterior cingulotomy?
Involves removing or lesion ink brain tissue, process is irreversible
Involves inserting and electrode into the brain and carefully guiding it to specific neurons that connect the frontal lobe and limbic system
In biomedical therapy, what is deep brain stimulation?
Treating severe cases of depression, thin wire is surgically implanted in the area of the brain associated with depression
In biomedical therapy, what is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) ?
An alternative to ECT that involves placing a pulsating magnetic coil over the prefrontal regions of the brain, treats depression with minimal side effects
