Treatment Of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

What is the goal of behavior therapy?

Answer 1

To extinguish unwanted behavior and replace it with more adaptive behavior

Question 2

In the behavioral approach, what is abnormal behavior the result of ?

What are therapies based off of?

Answer 2

Abnormal behavior is the result of maladaptive behavior learned through faulty rewards and punishment

Therapies are based on classical conditioning, operant condition, and observational or social learning theory

Question 3

In the behavioral approach, what are exposure treatments?

Answer 3

They are behavioral treatments in which the people are exposed to the objects or situations they dread

Question 4

In behavioral approaches, what is systematic desensitization?

Answer 4

It was developed by Joseph Wolpe; reconditioning so that the conditioned stimulus elicits the new conditioned response

The person will create a hierarchy of anxieties (lowest to highest stimulus)

Basically, gradual exposure, going up that hierarchy

Question 5

In behavioral approach, what is flooding?

Answer 5

Client is fully exposed to the anxiety producing stimulus in a harmless and controlled situation form which he or she cannot escape until extinction is achieved

No baby steps like systematic desensitization

Question 6

In behavioral approaches, what is aversion therapy? Can it be harmful?

Answer 6

Trains the client to associate physical or psychological discomfort with the behaviors, thoughts, or situations that they want to stop or avoid

An unpleasant consequence will eventually stop the behavior

Aversion therapy and flooding can be harmful if done carelessly

Question 7

In behavioral approaches, what is behavior modification?

Answer 7

The client selects a goal and with each step toward it, receives a small reward until the intended goal is finally achieved

Question 8

In behavioral approaches, what is token economy? What does it encourage and discourage?

Answer 8

Positive behaviors are rewarded with secondary reinforcers (tokens, points,) which can eventually be exchanged for extrinsic rewards

Often used to encourage socially acceptable behaviors and discourage socially unacceptable ones

Question 9

In cognitive approaches, what is Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy? What is cognitive all about? Why do symptoms of depression grow? What does cognitive therapy alleviate?

Answer 9

Cognitive = all about thinking

Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking that the thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Beck stated that symptoms of depression grew as a result of cognitive dysfunction

Cognitive therapy alleviates faulty and negative thoughts

Question 10

In cognitive therapies, what is Beck’s cognitive triad?

Answer 10

Three interrelated and dysfunctional types of automatic thinking

1.Negative thoughts about self
2.negative thoughts about the world
3.negative thoughts about the future

Cognitive distortions feed off of each other

Question 11

What is catastrophizing ?

Answer 11

It’s when people jump to the worst possible conclusion/outcome

“If I don’t earn a 5 on my AP psych exam, my life will be ruined”

Question 12

What is all or none thinking?

Answer 12

It when you think in extremes

You’re either a success or a failure, your performance was perfect or terrible

Question 13

What is personalization?

Answer 13

A cognitive distortion where a person blames themselves in a way that is disproportionate to the outcome

“The teacher didn’t call on me because she hates me”

Question 14

In cognitive therapies, what is the claim of cognitive behavioral therapists? What is cognitive restructuring?

Answer 14

Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty thought patterns

Turning the faulty disordered thoughts into more realistic thoughts.

Question 15

In cognitive approaches, what is Rational Emotive Behavior therapy (REBT)? Who developed it? What is ABS of treatment?

Answer 15

Developed by Albert Ellis, claims psychological problems arise when thoughts are irrational and lead to behavioral consequences that are distressful

Helps the client confront irrational thoughts by discussing his or her actions, his or her beliefs about those actions, and consequences of those beliefs

This is normally a very direct and confrontational type of therapy

Question 16

In insight therapies, what is psychotherapy or counseling therapy? What is the eclectic approach?

Answer 16

An umbrella term that describes the treatment of mental health problems through interaction between trained psychologists and those seeking help to achieve higher levels of functioning

Many mental health professionals take ideas from a variety of approaches to best serve the client

Question 17

What are insight therapies supposed to help with?

Answer 17

Help clients understand the causes of their problems. This understanding or insight will then help clients gain greater control over their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Question 18

In insight theories, what is psychoanalysis? How to resolve unconscious conflicts? How frequently were sessions during traditional psychoanalysis?

Answer 18

To uncover the unconscious content of a client’ psyche in order to alleviate psychic tension

Going back into the unconscious to discover the roots of the problem

Two or three sessions a week for up to 7 years

Question 19

In insight therapies, what is psychodynamic therapy?

Answer 19

It evolved from Freud’s original approach, based on the ideas that a person’s development is often determined by forgotten events in early childhood

It is less expensive and extensive therapy

Question 20

In insight therapies, what is free association? What happens to the ego as trust increases?

Answer 20

The client spontaneously reports thoughts, feelings, and mental images that come to mind

As trust increases, ego will lower to reveal the unconscious

Question 21

In insight therapies, what is resistance?

Answer 21

The patient’s conscious or unconscious attempt to block disturbing memories, motives, and experiences

Question 22

In insight therapies, what is transference? What did Freud believe about it? What is the job of the therapist when transference occurs?

Answer 22

The process by which a patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings onto the therapist

Freud believed that transference helps patients gain insight by reliving painful past memories

The job of the therapist is to detect when transference is happening and help them understand what it reveals

Question 23

In insight therapies, what is dream analysis? What did Freud believe about it? What do psychoanalysts look at?

Answer 23

Dreams are symbolic representations of unconscious conflicts and repressed impulses

Dream interpretation is a means of interpreting their unconscious conflicts, motives, and desires

Psychoanalysts look at the latent (underlying) content as opposed to the manifest (storyline content)

Question 24

In insight therapy, what is humanistic therapy? What are some qualities of it?

Answer 24

Aims to boost self fulfillment by helping people grow in self awareness and self acceptance

Don’t focus on the past as much

Explore feelings as they occur rather than looking into childhood origins

Conscious rather than unconscious thoughts

Question 25

Who should you associate with Humanistic psychology, and person centered (rogerian therapy)

Answer 25

Carl Rogers

Question 26

What is person centered (Rogerian therapy) or non directive therapy?

Answer 26

The therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward insights

Question 27

What are four things you can expect in Person centered therapy?

Answer 27

Unconditional positive regard- acceptance no matter what

Empathy- understand and truly resonate with what the client is experiencing

Genuineness- therapist is willing to be open and honest

Active listening- therapist listens, rephrases, repeats, clarifies

Question 28

What is Gestalt therapy? Who developed it? What is the empty chair technique?

Answer 28

Developed by Fritz Perls, goal is to push clients to decide whether they will allow past conflicts to control their future or whether they will take control of their own destiny

Empty chair technique- the patient sits in front of an empty chair and imagines that the person to who they need to express their feelings to is in that chair

Question 29

What are self help groups?

Answer 29

A facilitator organizes the meetings, but there is an absence of a trained psychotherapist directing the process of the group

Question 30

What is biomedical therapy?

Answer 30

It is based on the claim that symptoms of many psychological disorders involve biological factors, medication, or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders

Question 31

In biomedical therapy, what is psychopharmacology? Do the drugs cure the disorders? When are the drugs more efffctive?

Answer 31

The study of how psychotropic drugs affect mental behavior and processes

Don’t cure, only treat the symptoms

The drugs are more effective when used in conjunction with psychotherapy

Question 32

In biomedical therapy, what are anti anxiety drugs (anxiolytic)? What disorders are they used for? Brand names? Effects?

Answer 32

Designed to reduce anxiety and produce relaxation by lowering sympathetic activity in the brain

PTSD, panic disorder, social phobia, OCD

Xanax, Librium, Ativan, Valium

depresses central nervous system, reduces apprehension and nervousness

Typically treats short term anxiety

Question 33

In biomedical therapy, what are antidepressant drugs? SSRI vs SNRI? What disorders are they used for? Brand names? Effects? Side effects?

Answer 33

Elevate mood by affecting NT’s such as serotonin that are linked to depression

SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) block the reuptake of serotonin
SNRI (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors)

Depression, long term treatment of anxiety disorders, PTSD, OCD

Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lexapro, Wellbutrin

Improves mood by reducing absorption of NT’s serotonin and norepinephrine

Nausea, weight gain, dry mouth, reduced sex drive, blurred vision, suicidal ideation

Question 34

In biomedical therapy, what are mood stabilizing drugs? What disorders are they used for? Brand names? Effects? Side effects?

Answer 34

Designed to treat the combination of manic episodes and depression characteristics of bipolar disorder because they reduce dramatic mood swings

Bipolar disorders

Lithium, Lamotrigine

Reduces manic episodes and depressive episodes

Dry mouth, heart arrhythmia, swelling, nausea, loss of appetite

Question 35

In biomedical therapy, what are stimulants? What disorders is it used for? Brand names? Effects? Side effects?

Answer 35

Stimulate the control of the nervous system, stop the absorption of dopamine and norepinephrine and allow the brain to experience more stimulation

ADD/ADHD

Ritalin, Adderall, Dexedrine

Improves focus and attention by preventing the absorption of dopamine and norepinephrine

Decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, headache, stomach ache

Question 36

In biomedical therapy, what are antipsychotic drugs? What disorders is it used for? Brand names? Effects? Side effects?

Answer 36

Designed to diminish or eliminate positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms. Decrease activity at the dopamine receptors in the brain.

Schizophrenia, extreme cases of bipolar disorder

Haldol, Prolixin, Thorazine

Reduces psychotic symptoms like delusions and hallucinations by inhibiting dopamine

Tardive dyskinesia (movement disorder), Parkinson like tremors

Question 37

In biomedical therapy, what is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Answer 37

A biological treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient’s forehead

Typically used on depressed people, trying to reset your hypothalamus

Question 38

In biomedical therapy, what is psychosurgery or neurosurgery? What is bilateral anterior cingulotomy?

Answer 38

Involves removing or lesion ink brain tissue, process is irreversible

Involves inserting and electrode into the brain and carefully guiding it to specific neurons that connect the frontal lobe and limbic system

Question 39

In biomedical therapy, what is deep brain stimulation?

Answer 39

Treating severe cases of depression, thin wire is surgically implanted in the area of the brain associated with depression

Question 40

In biomedical therapy, what is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) ?

Answer 40

An alternative to ECT that involves placing a pulsating magnetic coil over the prefrontal regions of the brain, treats depression with minimal side effects