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AP PSYCH SEMESTER 2 > Motivation, Stress, Emotion > Flashcards

Motivation, Stress, Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

A need or desire that energizes behavior

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2
Q

What is instinct theory?

A

A theory that focuses on genetically predisposed behavior

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3
Q

What is the arousal theory?

A

The theory that you perform activities to upkeep or maintain moderate arousal

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4
Q

What theory was simply naming behaviors but not explaining them?

A

The instinct theory, or Darwin’s evolutionary theory

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5
Q

What is an instinct?

A

It is an unlearned behavior patterned throughout a species

Ex.: a baby’s innate reflexes for rooting and sucking

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6
Q

What does evolutionary psychology state about genes and its relation to behavior?

A

Genes predispose species-typical behavior

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7
Q

What is the drive reduction theory?

A

A physiological need creates a state of arousal that drives the organism to satisfy the need

Ex.: if you need food (biological need), it causes a drive (hunger), and you eventually satisfy the need (eating), to achieve a state of homeostasis

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8
Q

What are incentives?

A

It is a positive or negative stimuli that lures/compels or repels us

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9
Q

When we experience both of these things, we are strongly driven. What are they?

A

A need and an incentive

Ex.: a food deprived person who smells baking bread feels a strong hunger drive. In the presence of that drive, the baking bread becomes a compelling incentive

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10
Q

What is the optimal arousal theory?

A

The theory that some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal

Ex.: it drives adventurers to explore, even do something crazy like climb Mount Everest

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11
Q

What is Yerkes-Dodson law?

A

The principle that optimal performance can be achieved with a certain level of arousal, but beyond a certain point performance will decrease

Ex.: when taking an exam, it’s good to be moderately aroused (nervous or anxious), but if you are trembling and are too anxious, it can impair your performance

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12
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love, self esteem, self actualization

To assess to a higher level, you must have previously achieved the levels below it

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13
Q

The self transcendence level is located above the self actualization level in Maslow’s pyramid. What is it?

A

It is the level where people strive for meaning, purpose, and communion that is beyond the self, that is transpersonal (dealing with areas of consciousness beyond the limits of personal identity)

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14
Q

What happens when glucose is low?

A

We feel hungry

It is major source of energy for body tissue

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15
Q

Where is the hormone insulin secreted? What does it control?

A

Secreted by pancreas

Control blood glucose

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16
Q

Where is the hormone ghrelin secreted? What does it do?

A

Secreted by the empty stomach

Sends “I’m hungry” signal to the brain

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17
Q

What does the hormone orexin do? Where is it secreted?

A

It is a hunger triggering hormone

Secreted by the hypothalamus

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18
Q

What is the hormone leptin? Where is it secreted? What happens when it is abundant?

A

It is a protein hormone

It is secreted by fat cells

When abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

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19
Q

What is the hormone PYY? What signal does it send to the brain?

A

It is a digestive tract hormone

Sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain

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20
Q

What is a set point?

A

The point where an individual’s weight thermostat is supposedly set.

When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and lower metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

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21
Q

What is neophobia?

A

When you dislike things that are unfamiliar to you

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22
Q

What are the four stages of the sexual response cycle?

A

Excitement

Plateau

Orgasm

Resolution

23
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

A resting period after an orgasm, during which a man cannot orgasm again

24
Q

What are sexual dysfunctions?

A

A problem that impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Ex.: lack of sexual energy, erectile disorder (inability to have or maintain an erection), premature ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder

25
Q

What are estrogens?

A

Sex hormones, like estradiol, are secreted in greater amounts by females and contribute to female sex characteristics.

Peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

26
Q

What is testosterone?

A

The most important male sex hormone, both males and females have it, but males have more. It stimulates the growth of male sex organs and male sex characteristics

27
Q

What is our affiliation need?

A

It is our deep need to belong

28
Q

What is insecure anxious attachment?

A

It is when you constantly crave acceptance but remain watchful for signs of possible rejection

29
Q

What is insecure avoidant attachment?

A

It is when you feel discomfort about getting closer to others that you employ avoidant strategies to maintain your distance

30
Q

What are qualities of narcissistic people?

A

They are self-important, self-focused, and self-promoting

31
Q

What three things make up emotions?

A

Physiological arousal

Expressive behaviors

Conscious experience

32
Q

What is the James Lange theory? What is a con of this theory?

A

We first experience the physiological response, and then we experience the emotion.

Ex.: heart pounding, hands trembling, then we feel fear

A con of this theory is that we can’t distinguish different emotions since they have similar physiological responses

33
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

A

Our physical and emotional responses happen simultaneously

Ex.: my heart begins to pound as I experience fear

34
Q

What is the two factor theory by Schachter and Singer?

A

In order to experience emotion, you must be physically aroused and cognitive appraisal

35
Q

_________ fuels emotion, _________ channels it.

A

Arousal

Cognition

36
Q

Zajonc claimed what about cognition and emotion?

A

We don’t always interpret our arousal before we can experience an emotion

37
Q

Zajonc claimed what about cognition and emotion?

A

We don’t always interpret our arousal before we can experience an emotion

38
Q

What are the two pathways that emotions can follow?

A

The high road- emotions like hatred and love must be analyzed & travel through the cortex before reaching the amygdala

The low road- emotions like fear & disgust (knee jerk emotional responses) bypass the cortex and go straight to the amygdala

39
Q

What do some emotional responses not require?

A

Conscious thinking

40
Q

What did Lazarus claim about emotions?

A

Cognitive appraisals, which typically happen unconsciously, determine our emotional and physiological responses

Ex.: we may fear a big spider, even if we know it is harmless

41
Q

What is the insula?

A

It is neural center deep inside the brain and is activated when we experience social emotions like lust, pride, and disgust

42
Q

Negative emotions are more associated with the _____ prefrontal cortex while positive emotions are more associated with the _____ frontal lobe.

A

Right

Left

43
Q

What did Zajonc and Ledoux believe about some emotional responses?

A

They occurred instantly, outside our conscious awareness and before any cognitive processing occurs.

44
Q

What is the arousal component of emotion regulated by?

A

The automatic nervous system’s sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming) divisions

45
Q

Example of cognitive appraisal

A

Sherika labels the arousal she is feeling as attraction because she is in the presence of a good looking man

46
Q

What is the facial feedback effect?

A

If you act a certain way, then you will feel that way. This is assisted by your facial muscles

47
Q

Are gestures universal? Are facial expressions universal? What about degree of expression?

A

Gestures are not universal

Facial expressions are universal and unlearned

Degree of expression varies from culture to culture. Individualistic cultures are more expressive than collectivistic cultures which are more reserved

48
Q

What is stress?

A

Stress is the process of how we perceive and respond to certain events called stressors which we attribute to being threatening or challenging

49
Q

In Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), what are the three phases in response to stress ?

A

Alarm- body is alerted to stress, sympathetic nervous system activates

Resistance- coping with the stressor, you are full engaged and ready for the challenge

Exhaustion- body cannot resist, rest must occur & body shuts down

50
Q

How do men and women differ when dealing with stress?

A

Women - tend and befriend, aided by oxytocin hormone

Men- withdraw, become aggressive, resort to alcohol

51
Q

What are lymphocytes? Where do B lymphocytes form? What do they do? Where do T lymphocytes form? What do they do?

A

They are the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system

B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow

They release antibodies to fight bacterial infections

T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue

They attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

52
Q

What disease is stress closely linked to?

A

Coronary heart disease

53
Q

What disease is stress closely linked to?

A

Coronary heart disease

54
Q

What is Friedman’s and Rosenman’s description of Type A people? What about Type B?

A

They are competitive, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger prone

Easygoing and relaxed

AP PSYCH SEMESTER 2 (7 decks)

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