Motivation, Stress, Emotion Flashcards
What is motivation?
A need or desire that energizes behavior
What is instinct theory?
A theory that focuses on genetically predisposed behavior
What is the arousal theory?
The theory that you perform activities to upkeep or maintain moderate arousal
What theory was simply naming behaviors but not explaining them?
The instinct theory, or Darwin’s evolutionary theory
What is an instinct?
It is an unlearned behavior patterned throughout a species
Ex.: a baby’s innate reflexes for rooting and sucking
What does evolutionary psychology state about genes and its relation to behavior?
Genes predispose species-typical behavior
What is the drive reduction theory?
A physiological need creates a state of arousal that drives the organism to satisfy the need
Ex.: if you need food (biological need), it causes a drive (hunger), and you eventually satisfy the need (eating), to achieve a state of homeostasis
What are incentives?
It is a positive or negative stimuli that lures/compels or repels us
When we experience both of these things, we are strongly driven. What are they?
A need and an incentive
Ex.: a food deprived person who smells baking bread feels a strong hunger drive. In the presence of that drive, the baking bread becomes a compelling incentive
What is the optimal arousal theory?
The theory that some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal
Ex.: it drives adventurers to explore, even do something crazy like climb Mount Everest
What is Yerkes-Dodson law?
The principle that optimal performance can be achieved with a certain level of arousal, but beyond a certain point performance will decrease
Ex.: when taking an exam, it’s good to be moderately aroused (nervous or anxious), but if you are trembling and are too anxious, it can impair your performance
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love, self esteem, self actualization
To assess to a higher level, you must have previously achieved the levels below it
The self transcendence level is located above the self actualization level in Maslow’s pyramid. What is it?
It is the level where people strive for meaning, purpose, and communion that is beyond the self, that is transpersonal (dealing with areas of consciousness beyond the limits of personal identity)
What happens when glucose is low?
We feel hungry
It is major source of energy for body tissue
Where is the hormone insulin secreted? What does it control?
Secreted by pancreas
Control blood glucose
Where is the hormone ghrelin secreted? What does it do?
Secreted by the empty stomach
Sends “I’m hungry” signal to the brain
What does the hormone orexin do? Where is it secreted?
It is a hunger triggering hormone
Secreted by the hypothalamus
What is the hormone leptin? Where is it secreted? What happens when it is abundant?
It is a protein hormone
It is secreted by fat cells
When abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
What is the hormone PYY? What signal does it send to the brain?
It is a digestive tract hormone
Sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain
What is a set point?
The point where an individual’s weight thermostat is supposedly set.
When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and lower metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
What is neophobia?
When you dislike things that are unfamiliar to you
What are the four stages of the sexual response cycle?
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution
What is the refractory period?
A resting period after an orgasm, during which a man cannot orgasm again
What are sexual dysfunctions?
A problem that impairs sexual arousal or functioning
Ex.: lack of sexual energy, erectile disorder (inability to have or maintain an erection), premature ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder
What are estrogens?
Sex hormones, like estradiol, are secreted in greater amounts by females and contribute to female sex characteristics.
Peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
What is testosterone?
The most important male sex hormone, both males and females have it, but males have more. It stimulates the growth of male sex organs and male sex characteristics
What is our affiliation need?
It is our deep need to belong
What is insecure anxious attachment?
It is when you constantly crave acceptance but remain watchful for signs of possible rejection
What is insecure avoidant attachment?
It is when you feel discomfort about getting closer to others that you employ avoidant strategies to maintain your distance
What are qualities of narcissistic people?
They are self-important, self-focused, and self-promoting
What three things make up emotions?
Physiological arousal
Expressive behaviors
Conscious experience
What is the James Lange theory? What is a con of this theory?
We first experience the physiological response, and then we experience the emotion.
Ex.: heart pounding, hands trembling, then we feel fear
A con of this theory is that we can’t distinguish different emotions since they have similar physiological responses
What is the Cannon-Bard theory?
Our physical and emotional responses happen simultaneously
Ex.: my heart begins to pound as I experience fear
What is the two factor theory by Schachter and Singer?
In order to experience emotion, you must be physically aroused and cognitive appraisal
_________ fuels emotion, _________ channels it.
Arousal
Cognition
Zajonc claimed what about cognition and emotion?
We don’t always interpret our arousal before we can experience an emotion
Zajonc claimed what about cognition and emotion?
We don’t always interpret our arousal before we can experience an emotion
What are the two pathways that emotions can follow?
The high road- emotions like hatred and love must be analyzed & travel through the cortex before reaching the amygdala
The low road- emotions like fear & disgust (knee jerk emotional responses) bypass the cortex and go straight to the amygdala
What do some emotional responses not require?
Conscious thinking
What did Lazarus claim about emotions?
Cognitive appraisals, which typically happen unconsciously, determine our emotional and physiological responses
Ex.: we may fear a big spider, even if we know it is harmless
What is the insula?
It is neural center deep inside the brain and is activated when we experience social emotions like lust, pride, and disgust
Negative emotions are more associated with the _____ prefrontal cortex while positive emotions are more associated with the _____ frontal lobe.
Right
Left
What did Zajonc and Ledoux believe about some emotional responses?
They occurred instantly, outside our conscious awareness and before any cognitive processing occurs.
What is the arousal component of emotion regulated by?
The automatic nervous system’s sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming) divisions
Example of cognitive appraisal
Sherika labels the arousal she is feeling as attraction because she is in the presence of a good looking man
What is the facial feedback effect?
If you act a certain way, then you will feel that way. This is assisted by your facial muscles
Are gestures universal? Are facial expressions universal? What about degree of expression?
Gestures are not universal
Facial expressions are universal and unlearned
Degree of expression varies from culture to culture. Individualistic cultures are more expressive than collectivistic cultures which are more reserved
What is stress?
Stress is the process of how we perceive and respond to certain events called stressors which we attribute to being threatening or challenging
In Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), what are the three phases in response to stress ?
Alarm- body is alerted to stress, sympathetic nervous system activates
Resistance- coping with the stressor, you are full engaged and ready for the challenge
Exhaustion- body cannot resist, rest must occur & body shuts down
How do men and women differ when dealing with stress?
Women - tend and befriend, aided by oxytocin hormone
Men- withdraw, become aggressive, resort to alcohol
What are lymphocytes? Where do B lymphocytes form? What do they do? Where do T lymphocytes form? What do they do?
They are the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow
They release antibodies to fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue
They attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
What disease is stress closely linked to?
Coronary heart disease
What disease is stress closely linked to?
Coronary heart disease
What is Friedman’s and Rosenman’s description of Type A people? What about Type B?
They are competitive, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger prone
Easygoing and relaxed
