Treatment of infection: Part 1

Question 1

What is a bacteria?

Answer 1

Single cell microorganism

Question 2

How does the bacterial cell differ from that of a human? (3)

Answer 2

• Rigid cell membrane
• Different ribosomes
• Different nucleic acid metabolism

Question 3

What does having a rigid cell membrane cause?

Answer 3

Increased osmotic pressure

Question 4

What are the general characteristics of antibacterial drugs? (3)

Answer 4

• Inhibit cell wall synthesis and function
• Inhibit protein synthesis
• Inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis and function

Question 5

Why is a bacterial cel wall more rigid than a human?

Answer 5

It contains peptidoglycans

Question 6

What are the 2 things antibacterial drugs do to the cell wall?

Answer 6

1) Inhibit cell wall synthesis

2) create a hole in the lipid bilayer

Question 7

What are the 3 common examples of antibacterial drugs?

Answer 7

1) penicillin
2) cephalosporins
3) polymixin B

Question 8

What do penicillin and cephalosporins do?

Answer 8

Inhibit production of cell wall materials which leads to break down and cell death

Question 9

What does polymixin B do?

Answer 9

Punch a hole in the cell wall which leads to cell death

Question 10

True/False:

Bacterial ribosomes slightly differ from human ribosomes

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What do certain antibacterials do at to the ribosome of the cell?

Answer 11

Bind to the ribosome and inhibit protein synthesis; if the cell can’t recycle proteins it will die

Question 12

Common examples of antibacterial drugs that do this? (3)

Answer 12

• tetracylines
• erythromycin
• aminoglycosides

Question 13

How do antibacterial drugs inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 13

Impair mRNA to create new message which can’t create protein

Question 14

How do antibacterial drugs inhibit DNA/RNA function?

Answer 14

decrease synthesis by inhibiting folic acid production OR directly inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis and function

Question 15

What does a drug that is bactericidal mean?

Answer 15

A drug that kills the bacteria

Question 16

What does a drug that is bacteriostatic mean?

Answer 16

A drug that slows down the metabolism of the bacteria so that the immune system can finish it off

Question 17

What is a broad spectrum antibacterial drug?

Answer 17

effective against many forms of bacteria

Question 18

What is a narrow spectrum antibacterial drug?

Answer 18

Targeted against certain or specific bacteria

Question 19

What does resistance mean?

Answer 19

A bacteria that has developed a natural defense against drugs

Question 20

What are the common resistant strain? (4)

Answer 20

• VRSA: vanomycin-resistant S. aureus
• MRSA: methicillin-resistant S. aureus
• VRE: vanomycin-resistant Enterococcus
• PRSP: penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae

Question 21

What are the common mechanisms to treat/prevent resistant strains of bacteria? (5)

Answer 21

• develop drug-destroying enzymes
• alter or mask drug binding site
• change enzymes targeted drugs
• decrease drug penetration
• develop drug efflux pumps

Question 22

What is antibacterial “stewardship”?

Answer 22

To avoid overuse, esp. with broad spectrum drugs, use narrow spectrum drugs when possible

Question 23

What is another treatment for the prevention of bacterial resistance?

Answer 23

Provide a 2nd drug to overcome resistance

Question 24

What are the rehab concerns while taking antibacterial drugs? (4)

Answer 24

• Hypersensitivity/allergic rxns
• UV sensitivity
• Help prevent spread of infection
• tendon damage (fluoroquinolones) big concern

Question 25

Which tendons are the most commonly damaged?

Answer 25

Often large, weight bearing tendons but can be others as well

Question 26

True/False: | This can be severe enough to lead to complete rupture of the tendon

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What are the other factors that increase risk? (4)

Answer 27

- older patients - renal failure - taking glucocorticoids - hx of damage

Question 28

What is one possible cause of tendon damage?

Answer 28

oxidative damage at the cellular level

Question 29

True/False: | The onset of tendon damage can be as quick as 2 hrs

Answer 29

true

Question 30

What are the 2 treatments of tendon damage that occurs because of drugs?

Answer 30

1) decrease the amount of drugs ingested | 2) protect the tendon

Question 31

How does a virus reproduce?

Answer 31

It infects a host cell and manufactures more virus DNA using that host cell. The infectd host may or may not die when the virus is done replicating

Question 32

What are the 4 steps in viral replication?

Answer 32

1) Adsorption 2) Penetration/uncoating 3) Biosynthesis 4) maturation and release

Question 33

Are virus' opportunistic?

Answer 33

oh fuck yes

Question 34

True/False: | Antiviral drugs are very specific and often act on only one type of virus

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What do Antiviral drugs typically inhibit?

Answer 35

viral enzymes

Question 36

Are antiviral drugs usually virucidal or virustatic?

Answer 36

Virustatic

Question 37

What is the main antiviral mechanism?

Answer 37

The drug slows down viral replication so it doesn't infect other cells

Question 38

What are interferons?

Answer 38

Small proteins, produced endogenously

Question 39

What are the important functions of interferons?

Answer 39

- control cell division/differentiation - control immune response - warn healthy cells that a virus is cumming

Question 40

How are antiviral vaccines made?

Answer 40

Typically made from "modified" virus

Question 41

When is an antiviral typically administered?

Answer 41

prior to virus exposure

Question 42

What does the antiviral vaccine do to the immune system?

Answer 42

Stimulates the immune system to produce virus-specific antibodies