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Clin Med 2 > Treatment of infection: Part 1 > Flashcards

Treatment of infection: Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bacteria?

A

Single cell microorganism

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2
Q

How does the bacterial cell differ from that of a human? (3)

A
  • Rigid cell membrane
  • Different ribosomes
  • Different nucleic acid metabolism
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3
Q

What does having a rigid cell membrane cause?

A

Increased osmotic pressure

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4
Q

What are the general characteristics of antibacterial drugs? (3)

A
  • Inhibit cell wall synthesis and function
  • Inhibit protein synthesis
  • Inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis and function
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5
Q

Why is a bacterial cel wall more rigid than a human?

A

It contains peptidoglycans

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6
Q

What are the 2 things antibacterial drugs do to the cell wall?

A

1) Inhibit cell wall synthesis

2) create a hole in the lipid bilayer

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7
Q

What are the 3 common examples of antibacterial drugs?

A

1) penicillin
2) cephalosporins
3) polymixin B

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8
Q

What do penicillin and cephalosporins do?

A

Inhibit production of cell wall materials which leads to break down and cell death

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9
Q

What does polymixin B do?

A

Punch a hole in the cell wall which leads to cell death

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10
Q

True/False:

Bacterial ribosomes slightly differ from human ribosomes

A

True

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11
Q

What do certain antibacterials do at to the ribosome of the cell?

A

Bind to the ribosome and inhibit protein synthesis; if the cell can’t recycle proteins it will die

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12
Q

Common examples of antibacterial drugs that do this? (3)

A
  • tetracylines
  • erythromycin
  • aminoglycosides
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13
Q

How do antibacterial drugs inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Impair mRNA to create new message which can’t create protein

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14
Q

How do antibacterial drugs inhibit DNA/RNA function?

A

decrease synthesis by inhibiting folic acid production OR directly inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis and function

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15
Q

What does a drug that is bactericidal mean?

A

A drug that kills the bacteria

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16
Q

What does a drug that is bacteriostatic mean?

A

A drug that slows down the metabolism of the bacteria so that the immune system can finish it off

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17
Q

What is a broad spectrum antibacterial drug?

A

effective against many forms of bacteria

18
Q

What is a narrow spectrum antibacterial drug?

A

Targeted against certain or specific bacteria

19
Q

What does resistance mean?

A

A bacteria that has developed a natural defense against drugs

20
Q

What are the common resistant strain? (4)

A
  • VRSA: vanomycin-resistant S. aureus
  • MRSA: methicillin-resistant S. aureus
  • VRE: vanomycin-resistant Enterococcus
  • PRSP: penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae
21
Q

What are the common mechanisms to treat/prevent resistant strains of bacteria? (5)

A
  • develop drug-destroying enzymes
  • alter or mask drug binding site
  • change enzymes targeted drugs
  • decrease drug penetration
  • develop drug efflux pumps
22
Q

What is antibacterial “stewardship”?

A

To avoid overuse, esp. with broad spectrum drugs, use narrow spectrum drugs when possible

23
Q

What is another treatment for the prevention of bacterial resistance?

A

Provide a 2nd drug to overcome resistance

24
Q

What are the rehab concerns while taking antibacterial drugs? (4)

A
  • Hypersensitivity/allergic rxns
  • UV sensitivity
  • Help prevent spread of infection
  • tendon damage (fluoroquinolones) big concern
25
Q

Which tendons are the most commonly damaged?

A

Often large, weight bearing tendons but can be others as well

26
Q

True/False:

This can be severe enough to lead to complete rupture of the tendon

A

True

27
Q

What are the other factors that increase risk? (4)

A
  • older patients
  • renal failure
  • taking glucocorticoids
  • hx of damage
28
Q

What is one possible cause of tendon damage?

A

oxidative damage at the cellular level

29
Q

True/False:

The onset of tendon damage can be as quick as 2 hrs

A

true

30
Q

What are the 2 treatments of tendon damage that occurs because of drugs?

A

1) decrease the amount of drugs ingested

2) protect the tendon

31
Q

How does a virus reproduce?

A

It infects a host cell and manufactures more virus DNA using that host cell. The infectd host may or may not die when the virus is done replicating

32
Q

What are the 4 steps in viral replication?

A

1) Adsorption
2) Penetration/uncoating
3) Biosynthesis
4) maturation and release

33
Q

Are virus’ opportunistic?

A

oh fuck yes

34
Q

True/False:

Antiviral drugs are very specific and often act on only one type of virus

A

True

35
Q

What do Antiviral drugs typically inhibit?

A

viral enzymes

36
Q

Are antiviral drugs usually virucidal or virustatic?

A

Virustatic

37
Q

What is the main antiviral mechanism?

A

The drug slows down viral replication so it doesn’t infect other cells

38
Q

What are interferons?

A

Small proteins, produced endogenously

39
Q

What are the important functions of interferons?

A
  • control cell division/differentiation
  • control immune response
  • warn healthy cells that a virus is cumming
40
Q

How are antiviral vaccines made?

A

Typically made from “modified” virus

41
Q

When is an antiviral typically administered?

A

prior to virus exposure

42
Q

What does the antiviral vaccine do to the immune system?

A

Stimulates the immune system to produce virus-specific antibodies

Clin Med 2 (5 decks)

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