Treatment / Interventions Flashcards
counterconditioning
- based on the principle of reciprocal inhibition (two incompatible responses cannot be experienced at the same time - the stronger response will inhibit the weaker)
example - fear will inhibit pleasure
extinction
in vivo exposure - presenting the conditioned stimulus (example - a spider) without the unconditioned stimulus (example - a screaming mother) to eliminate the unwanted responses (fear)
- studies show that high anxiety arousal is not necessary for successful treatment with in vivo exposure.
exposure in imagination - type of therapy called implosive therapy, client is exposed to a feared object in their imagination and the therapist interprets possible psychosexual themes
systematic desensitization
- first, train the client in relaxation techniques
- second, construct an anxiety hierarchy
- third, expose the client slowly using the anxiety hierarchy while they use their relaxation techniques (can be in vivo or in imagination)
- the process continues until the situation that originally provoked the anxiety only elicits relaxation
- counterconditioning
aversive counterconditioning
- used to eliminate “bad” or “deviant” behaviours
- the conditioned stimulus is paired with a new and stronger stimulus that elicits a strong negative response
example: smoking a cigarette is paired with an electric shock, OR, the drug Antabuse (for those trying to quit drinking)
*when aversive counterconditioning is done in imagination, it is called covert sensitization
primary reinforcers
those that reinforce everyone at all ages and in all cultures (example - food)
secondary reinforcers
acquire their reinforcing value through training or experience (example - praise)
generalized reinforcers
not inherently reinforcing but end up taking on a reinforcing value because they give people access to other reinforcers (example - money to buy food)
self-monitoring
(self-control procedure)
keeping a detailed record of what you do (example - monitoring everything you eat)
stimulus control
(self-control procedure)
narrowing a range of stimulus that elicits a particular behaviour and developing incompatible responses (example - going for a walk instead of snacking)
escape learning
once the stimulus has started, it can be stopped by emitting a certain behaviour (example - an animal is shocked and they can make the shock stop by pressing a lever)
avoidance learning
you can entirely avoid the aversive stimulus by emitting the desired behaviour in time (example - a red light flashes, and if the animal presses the lever in time, they avoid being shocked)
symbolic modeling (or filmed modeling)
observing a film in which a model (often someone similar to the viewer) enjoys progressively more interaction with a feared object or anxiety-producing situation
live (in vivo) modeling
having the person observe a live model engage in graduated interactions with a feared object or anxiety-producing situation
participant modeling
live models + contact with the model… the model gradually guides the person in activities that involve either physically interacting with a feared object or dealing with the anxiety-producing situation
*particularly appropriate for children with phobias
Kohler vs. Tolman
Wolfgang Kohler studied behavioural interactions of chimps (insight learning)
Edward Tolman studied behaviour interactions with rats (keyword: latent learning)
cognitive triad of depression
(Beck)
- negative view of the self
- negative view of the world
- negative view of the future
self-instructional training
- a set of procedures that combines modeling and graduated practice (with elements of REBT) that help children or adults who have problems with task completion
- 5 step procedure: therapist modeling, therapist verbalization, patient verbalization, patient silently talks through task, independent performance
stress inoculation
- a set of guidelines for treating stressed individuals
- 3 phase interventions: education and cognitive preparation, coping skills acquisition, application of skills in imagination and in vivo
protocol analysis
- similar but not the same as self-instructional training
- procedure used when a person is learning a task and is asked to describe aloud the steps being taken to solve the task (helps therapist gain insight into people’s problem-solving strategies
Rehm’s self-control theory of depression
- views depression as a result of negative self-evaluations, lack of self-reinforcement, and high rates of self-punishment
pleasure principle
the desire for immediate gratification = ID in Freud’s psychoanalytic therapy
reality principle
the way people learn to consider the consequences of their actions
(ego in Freud operates under this pronciple)
vs ID= pleasure principle , super ego= morality/moral principle
primary process
dreams and hallucinations
secondary process
thinking and speaking
repression
- forcing disturbing impulses out of consciousness
- most basic and commonly used
- also known as “motivated forgetting”
regression
retreating to behaviours of an earlier, less demanding, and safer stage of development (borderline)
projection
seeing one’s unconscious in another person (examples - suspicion or paranoia)
displacement
transference of emotions from the original object to some substitute or symbolic representation
reaction formation
engaging in behaviours that are opposite of the id’s real urges
*think= react in opposite of ID or “forma” = form against ID
intellectualization
distancing oneself from one’s feelings (schizoid)
rationalization
coming up with self-satisfying yet incorrect reasons for one’s behaviour (narcissism)
sublimation
- finding socially acceptable ways to discharge energy from subconscious forbidden desires
- considered desirable
*think s= socially acceptable/desirable ways
alloplastic
allo = aloe/environment
- trying to change the external environment or blaming the external environment
autoplastic
auto = oneself
- trying to change oneself or blaming oneself
transference and countertransference
(analytic work)
both seen as a form of resistance that must be worked through
ego psychologists
Heinz Hartmann
Anna Freud
Erik Erickson
neo-Freudians
- focused on the impact of social and cultural factors in determining personality
- believed that psychological disturbances result from faulty learning and maladaptive style of interacting with the environment
Adlerian psychology (or Individual Psychology)
- humans are motivated by social urges (rather than sexual according to Freud)
- happiness is largely related to social connectedness
keywords: feelings of inferiority and superiority, birth order, mistaken goals, faulty assumptions, teleological view of a behaviour
STEP program
(Adlerian psychology)
- systematic training in effective parenting
- democratic approach, values and respects children’s contribution
- recommends using natural and logical consequences of behaviour as the basis of discipline
- encourages parents to understand their child’s misbehaviour as reflecting one of 4 mistaken goals (attention, power, revenge, giving up)
Jungian psychology (or analytic psychology)
- the psyche includes the conscious ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective conscious
- neurosis represents the struggle of people to free themselves from the interference of the archetypes
- neurosis is seen as striving towards psychological maturity (individuation)
*think I in jungian= individuation
keywords: collective unconscious, archetypes - persona (social mask), shadow (one’s hidden aspects), anima (female aspect), animus (male aspect), individuation* (primary goal; bring unconscious—> conscious)
Jung vs. Freud
Jung = much more focused on the process of adult development
Freud = much more focused on infantile development
phenomenological perspective
- approach used by humanists and existentialists
- emphasizes the client’s subjective experiences, requires the therapist to entire the client’s subjective world
Roger’s person centered therapy
- problems are based on incongruence between the self (true feelings) and experience (ability to be aware of these feelings and express them to others)
- incongruence: reacts defensively by = denying or distorting their experiences (DD)
keywords: incongruence, empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness
introjection
people take in information in whole (can result in being overly gullible or overly compliant)
*think “in”= as in take in everything without question
projection
people project their feelings onto others (can result in paraoia)
retroflection
people turn back onto themselves what they would like to do to others (can result in self-destructive behaviour)
deflection
people distance themselves from their feelings through distraction, humor, generalization, or asking questions rather than answering
confluence
involves a lack of awareness of a differentiation between the self and others in an attempt to avoid conflicts