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Treatment/Intervention Flashcards

1
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

idea that 2 incompatible bxs can’t happen at the same time, the stronger response will inhibit the weaker (e.g., fear will inhibit pleasure)

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2
Q

counterconditioning

A

based on reciprocal inhibition; focused on weakening a maladaptive conditioned response by strengthening an incompatible response

examples:
-sensate focus
-systematic desensitization (exposure w/ relaxation techniques)
-assertiveness training
-aversive counterconditioning for SUD, paraphilias

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3
Q

covert sensitization

A

imaginal aversive counterconditioning

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4
Q

prolonged exposure is an example of…

A

classical extinction: CS (e.g., feared memory) presented without US (e.g., danger)

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5
Q

generalized reinforcers

A

take on value b/c they give access to other reinforcers (e.g., tokens, $)

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6
Q

contingency contracting

A

used when there are problematic interactions b/w 2 or more ppl; therapist helps them ID the bxs they most want from each other and helps them negotiate a contract for exchange

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7
Q

DRO

A

differential RF of other behaviors (e.g., child is ignored when whining and then gets RF for quieting down or on-task bx)

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8
Q

escape learning

A

an aversive stimulus cannot be avoided, but once it starts, emitting a desired bx can stop it

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9
Q

avoidance learning

A

an averse stimulus can be avoided by emitting a desired bx; typically, a discriminative stimulus (cue) lets the subject know it’s time to perform the bx

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10
Q

symbolic modeling

A

filmed modeling, for social learning purposes (e.g., modeling how to do an exposure)

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11
Q

Ellis is associated with…

A

Rational Emotive (Behavior) Therapy (REBT), the first CBT approach

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12
Q

REBT

A

-first CBT approach born out of Ellis’s dissatisfaction w/ psychoanalysis
-direct, straightforward, confrontative
-confronts client’s irrational beliefs, which are believed to be the root of emotional disturbances
-A-B-C model like CPT -> DEF (Disputing intervention, Effective philosophy adopted, [new] Feelings)
-uses direct instruction, persuasion, logical disputing of irrational beliefs, modeling, HW, relaxation, rehearsal
-transdiagnostic

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13
Q

Beck’s cognitive therapy

A

-says that sxs arise from maladaptive AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS
-emphasis on empirical hypothesis testing to change beliefs, as opposed to Ellis’s more confrontative approach (REBT)
-uses Socratic questioning, HW, bx assignments, daily logs, activity scheduling
-Goal: ID and test out negative beliefs, develop alternative and more flexible schemas –> rehearse new, more adaptive thoughts and bxs
-Beck coined the term “logical errors”
-more collaborative than REBT

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14
Q

maladaptive cognitive triad of depression

A

by Beck:
1) negative view of the self - self as defective, inadequate
2) negative view of the wold
3) negative view of the future - hopelessness

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15
Q

Meichenbaum is associated with…

A

Cognitive Behavior Modification (CBM)
-type of CBT; focus on “self-statements,” collaboration, Socratic Qs
1) self-instruction therapy
2) stress inoculation training

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16
Q

Self-Instruction Therapy

A

-by Meichenbaum, form of bx modification (CBT-based)
-combines modeling and graduated practice to help ppl who have difficulty with task completion (esp. for ADHD)
-5 steps: therapist models, therapist verbalizes, pt verbalizes, pt silently talks thru task, independent task performance

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17
Q

protocol analysis

A

person learning a task describes the steps they are taking to solve it aloud; shows their problem-solving strategy

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18
Q

Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)

A

-by Meichenbaum, form of bx modification (CBT-based)
-based on idea that bolstering a person’s repertoire of coping responses to milder stressors decreases susceptibility to other stressors

phases:
1. education and cog. preparation
2. coping skills acquisition - relaxation, self-statements, imagery
3. application of skills (imaginal and in vivo) - on a graduated basis, focus on relapse prevention

-empirical support for tx of PTSD (also used for anxiety, stress, anger probs, medical probs)

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19
Q

Rehm is associated with…

A

Self-control model of depression: integrative CBT view of depression

says depression is caused by:
1. negative self-evaluation
2. lack of self-RF
3. high rates of self-punishment

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20
Q

Marlatt is associated with…

A

relapse prevention approach to SUD (CBT-based)

-views addiction as an over-learned habit; normalizing relapse, expecting it
-relapse to be seen as a setback to learn from, rather than recovery being all-or-nothing
-work on IDing triggers; most common being negative emotional states
-developing new skills for dealing w/ triggers

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21
Q

key dialectic of DBT

A

acceptance on the one hand and change on the other

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22
Q

Freud’s view of human nature…

A

-deterministic (inevitable)
-bx determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, biological and instinctual drives, and psychosexual events of the first 6 yrs of life

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23
Q

life instinct vs. death instinct

A

life = libido
death = aggression

per Freud, these rule the id

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24
Q

reality principle

A

awareness of the real world and consequences of bx

driver of the ego, per Freud

25
primary vs. secondary process (per Freud)
-2 kinds of mental fx -primary: dreams, hallucinations; urgent attempt to reduce tension, even at the expense of reality -secondary: thinking and speaking, focus on meeting demands of reality, ability to delay gratification
26
ego defense mechanisms
-used by the ego to control the anxiety caused by urges of the id -meant to prevent the id's unacceptable impulses from entering consciousness -the major one is REPRESSION (aka motivated forgetting)
27
alloplastic reactions
blaming or trying to change the external environment in response to stress -seen in BPD, narcissistic PD
28
autoplastic reactions
blaming or trying to change oneself in response to stress -seen in MDD, anxiety dx
29
displacement
defense mechanism; transferring emotion from the original object onto some substitute
30
reaction formation
defense mechanism; engaging in bx that is the opposite of the id's real urges
31
sublimation
defense mechanism; finding a socially acceptable way of discharging energy from forbidden unconscious desires
32
ego psychology
-extension of psychoanalysis; focus on the ego's capacity for integration and adaptation -rather than the ego being beholden to the id, it's seen as guiding a person's capacity to master life -major players: Hartmann, Anna Freud, Erikson
33
Heinz Hartmann
-ego psychologist -said ego did not arise out of the id, but develops in parallel; therefore, ppl are driven not only by their passions, but by their thinking -distinguished b/w defensive ego fx and ego autonomous fx -"conflict-free sphere:" ego fxs that have no conflict w/ the id, incl. memory, perception, learning, locomotion
34
Anna Freud
-ego psychologist -emphasis on the ego's capacity for mastery (it reconciles id drives w/ the demands of reality all the time) -worked w/ children; interpreted their *words* rather than their play -believed in developing a positive bond w/ child clients, rather than being a blank slate
35
Erikson
-ego psychologist + psychosocial life span theory -believed development occurs in response to social crises; the ego matures w/ resolution of these sequences -describes human bx as interaction b/w internal world of the psyche (id, ego, superego) and the external social world
36
Object-Relations Theory
-psychodynamic; deals w/ the capacity to have mutually satisfying relationships -"object" refers to relationship of the infant to another person -believe a child is "object-related" from birth, meaning the there is an inherent drive for relationships (the baby doesn't JUST show interest in mom for food, like Freud thought) -therapy seen as an opp to experience different object relations from those experienced as a child -focus on integrating "split off" parts of the self -> OBJECT CONSTANCY -help the client differentiate a clear sense of self and form balanced attitudes toward others -therapist is active, NOT a blank slate
37
Melanie Klein
-object-relations theorist -described SPLITTING as a major defense mechanism: used when baby has hostile feelings toward a loved object --> "splits" the love object into 2 parts (1 good, 1 bad), prevents object constancy -saw play as the child's free association; conducted child therapy similar to adult psychoanalysis
38
D.W. Winnicott
-object-relations theorist -described importance of being a "good enough mother" -pathology results from adopting a false self to please others -importance of the "transitional object"
39
Margaret Mahler
-object-relations theorist -described 6 stages of development -SEPARATION: becoming a discrete physical entity by physically distancing -INDIVIDUATION: becoming a psychologically independent person through maturation of ego fx
40
Kohut is known for...
-self psychology & theory on the development of narcissism -"primary narcissism:" healthy narcissism when baby is focused on getting own needs met; w/ appro caretaking, baby will develop a healthy self w/ appro narcissism
41
Self Psychology
-e.g., Kohut -focus on empathic attunement -prefer "experience near" interpretations rather than "experience distant" ones (like in classical psychoanalysis) -theory of healthy narcissism
42
Neo-Freudians
-focus on impact of social and cultural factors on personality -psych. disturbance results from faulty learning, maladaptive style of interacting w/ the environment -psychotherapy is interpersonal; therapist helps client examine difficulties in relating to ppl, correct misperceptions/misinterpretations of others -e.g., Harry Stack Sullivan, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm
43
Harry Stack Sullivan
-neo-freudian -known for INTERPERSONAL THEORY: personality exists only in emotional exchange b/w ppl --> led to IPT for depression -developmental model: 1. prototaxic (0-7 mos): serial, uncoordinated sensations 2. parataxic (8-11 mos): sequential sensations, temporal causality 3. syntaxic (12-24 mos): causal sensation, logical/analytical thinking, prediction
44
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
-tx for depression; based on Stack Sullivan's interpersonal theory -connects client's presenting problem to interpersonal difficulties; 1 of 4 problem areas targeted (grief, role dispute, role transition, interpersonal deficits) -time limited, present-focused
45
Karen Horney
-neo-freudian focused on NEUROSIS -neurosis is culturally defined; develops in children from feelings of isolation, anxiety, hostility, and helplessness in the face of all-powerful adults -basic anxiety --> rigid pursuit of safety, familiarity, security -neurotic trends: 1. moving compliantly toward others 2. moving aggressively against others 3. moving detachedly away from others
46
Erich Fromm
-neo-freudian -incorporated concepts from Marx and existentialists -bx results from sociocultural and economic conditions -experience of freedom frightens most ppl -"having" vs. "being" (healthier) modes of living
47
Individual Psychology
-aka Adlerian psych -ppl strive for personal competence; are influenced by first 6 yrs of life, but motivated primarily by SOCIAL rather than sexual urges -happiness/success related to social connectedness -every child has feelings of inferiority --> either mastery or neurosis (maladaptive effort to compensate for these feelings) -Adlerians encourage the client; focus on mistaken goals, faulty assumption; focus on present + future (rather than past) --> form more positive attitudes toward self and others, more adaptive patterns of living -pragmatic, problem-solving
48
STEP program (systematic training in effective parenting)
-Adlerian intervention applied to parenting -democratic parenting approach, respects the child's contribution -**natural and logical consequences for misbx** -misbx reflects 1 mistaken goal (attention, power, revenge, or giving up)
49
Analytic Psychology
-aka Jungian psych -psyche includes the conscious ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious (includes archetypes) -neurosis represents one's struggle to free themselves from archetypes in the process of personality integration and fulfillment of potential -individuation: psychological maturity -goal is to help client gain awareness of the unconscious --> develop a productive relationship w/ these elements -more directive than Freud, more of a real therapeutic relationship
50
teleological
bx seen as determined by the future, rather than the past
51
Humanist psychologists
-believe ppl move in direction of self-actualization if nurtured
52
Existentialist psychologists
-believe we have no internal nature, the world lacks meaning --> ppl are faced w/ what to make of this -e.g., Victor Frankl
53
commonalities of humanist and existentialist psych...
-emphasize client's subjective experience -emphasis on freedom, choice, autonomy, purpose, meaning -present-focused -trust client capacity to make positive choices
54
Rogers
Client/Person-Centered Therapy
55
Client/Person-Centered Therapy
-Rogers; humanist/existentialist approach -all ppl have natural capacity for purpose, goal-directed bx; if nurtured, will develop into self-accepting, kind, socialized ppl -faulty learning --> maladaptive, hateful, self-centered bx -FOCUS OF THERAPY: correcting faulty learning, allowing for clients to develop liking for themselves -therapy does not offer direct suggestions or make interpretations; instead, therapist creates an accepting, non-threatening atmosphere for exploration of one's thoughts and feelings -therapist allows the client to grow through the empathic relationship, form a more positive view of themselves -KEY CHARACTERISTICS: warmth, empathy, genuineness
56
Gestalt Therapy
-by Perls; humanist/existentialist approach -Gestalt theory: whole > sum of its parts; people structure experiences as integrated wholes -gestalts = figure (what is attended to) + ground (what is ignored) -healthy fx results from maintaining flexible, adaptive contact w/ one's own needs and environment -FOCUS OF THERAPY: client becoming aware of their whole personality, discovering aspects of the self blocked from awareness -KEY CHARACTERISTICS: active; focus on awareness, experience, affective expression (rather than cognitive analysis); facilitation of experiencing and self-expression (e.g., empty chair, "becoming" parts of a dream)
57
Gestalt therapy's resistances to contact w/ the whole include...
1) introjection - taking info in whole --> gullible, overly compliant 2) projection - results in paranoia 3) retroflection - turning back on oneself what you'd like to do to others --> self-destructive 4) deflection - thru distraction, humor, asking Qs, etc. 5) confluence - lack of differentiating self from others in order to avoid conflict
58
Reality Therapy
-by Glasser; humanist/existentialist approach, also influenced by REBT -KEY feature: RESPONSIBILITY - clarifying values, examining current bx/plans related to those values, accepting responsibility -Choice Theory: we create an inner world that satisfies our needs but doesn't necessarily reflect reality; ppl have choice in what they do -help the client assess consequences of possible actions and decide on realistic solutions, goals -associated w/ use in juvenile delinquent and prison populations

EPPP (6 decks)

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