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EPPP > The Nervous System: Brain, NTs, etc. > Flashcards

The Nervous System: Brain, NTs, etc. Flashcards

1
Q

afferent neurons

A

carry sensory info INTO the CNS (A for Approach)

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2
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor neurons, carry info away from CNS to the muscles and glands (E for Exit)

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3
Q

parts of the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

3 main divisions of the the brain

A

brain stem, cerebrum, cerebellum

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5
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that go to/from the brain and spinal cord; broken into somatic and autonomic NS

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6
Q

somatic nervous system

A

part of peripheral NS; sends/receives sensory messages that control voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

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7
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of peripheral NS;
controls automatic involuntary bodily fxs (e.g., heart rate, digestion, breathing); broken into sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

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8
Q

sympathetic NS

A

part of autonomic NS; body’s mobilizing system, “fight or flight;”
when activated, hormones release into blood stream increasing HR, BP, breathing and slowing digestion/elimination; dominant in times of stress

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9
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

part of autonomic NS; energy conserving system, “rest and digest,” basic body maintenance (lower HR, BP, breathing; increase in digestion); dominant when relaxed

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10
Q

parts of spinal cord

A
  1. Cervical (neck) region
  2. Thoracic (chest) region
  3. Lumbar (back) region
  4. Sacral region
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11
Q

cerebellum

A

controls auto adjustments of posture and muscle tone responsible for BALANCE; @ base of brain behind brain stem; coordination of motor activity

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12
Q

ataxia

A

cerebellar disease; lack of coordination of muscles, voluntary movements

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13
Q

brain stem (parts)

A

primitive brain, below subcortical regions and in front of cerebellum;
1) pons
2) medulla
3) reticular formation (incl. RAS)

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14
Q

pons + medulla

A

parts of brain stem; involved in sleep, breathing, movement, cardiovascular activity; damage can lead to failure of bodily fxs/death

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15
Q

reticular formation

A

part of brain stem; set of interconnected nuclei; involved in awareness, attention, sleep

includes the Reticular Activating Sytem (RAS), which is responsible for sleep-wake cycle, projects to the thalamus

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16
Q

cerebrum

A

outer layer is the cerebral cortex + subcortical areas beneath; responsible for complex thought, perception, action

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17
Q

left cerebral hemisphere

A

Left = Language + Logic;
controls R side of body;
dominant in 97% of people;
verbal memory; rational, analytic, logical, and abstract thinking

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18
Q

right cerebral hemisphere

A

perceptual, artistic, intuitive, emotional, visuospatial, musical;
maintenance of body image;
comprehension/expression of visual, facial, and verbal emotion;
controls L side of body

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19
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

damage to L FRONTAL lobe;
problem with speech production/articulation; expressive/motor aphasia; broken speech, slow w/ pauses; comprehension mostly intact; AWARE of their difficulties

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20
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

damage to L TEMPORAL lobe; speech comprehension problems; person speaks fluently but nonsensical; cannot follow verbal commands or repeat phases; NOT aware of the problem (anosognosia)

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21
Q

aphasia

A

speech disorder

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22
Q

agraphia

A

inability to write

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23
Q

anomia

A

can’t recall names of things

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24
Q

apraxia

A

inability to carry out purposeful movements despite desire/physical ability

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25
damage to L hemisphere can lead to...
aphasia (Broca's or Wernicke's), agraphia, anomia, apraxia, difficulties w/ R side of body
26
damage to R hemisphere can lead to...
L side hemi-neglect, prosopagnosia, visual/perceptual disturbances, affective abnormalities
27
agnosia
inability to interpret/recognize sensations or sensory stimuli (e.g., objects, ppl, shapes, sounds, smells), incl. prosopagnosia
28
frontal lobes
largest portion of the brain; 1) PFC - planning, initiative, personality, emotionality, inhibition, judgment, abstract thinking 2) premotor area - planning movement 3) motor area - instigates voluntary muscle movement
29
Broca's area
in the L frontal lobe; controls muscles that produce speech (expressive)
30
Wernicke's area
in the L temporal lobe; language comprehension
31
damage to frontal lobes can lead to...
loss of movement of various body parts, change in personality, lability, inattention, issues w/ problem-solving, expressive language issues (Broca's aphasia)
32
parietal lobes
behind frontal lobes, house the somatosensory cortex; process sensory info, incl. touch, heat, pain, proprioception
33
damage to the parietal lobes can lead to...
alexia, agraphia, anomnia, acalculia, issues distinguishing L+R, lack of awareness of certain body parts, poor hand-eye coordination
34
alexia
acquired inability to read
35
temporal lobes
on outsides of each hemisphere (by the temples); primary auditory cortex (hearing); connected to limbic system (incl. hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala), involved in emotional bx and memory R: visual memory L: verbal mem, language comp (Wernicke's area)
36
damage to temporal lobes can lead to...
aggressive bx (temporal ~ temper), change in interest in sexual bx, interference w/ memory, probs understanding speech (Wernicke's aphasia), sleep issues
37
occipital lobes
@ back of brain; primary visual cortex; sight, reading, visual images damage can lead to... difficulty recognizing drawn objects, ID-ing colors; hallucinations/illusions; word blindness
38
limbic system
set of subcortical structures, our "primitive brain;" involved in survival/basic drives, emotions, learning, memory influences our endocrine system and autonomic NS thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, septum
39
thalamus
sensory relay center (all senses except smell), pain perception abnormalities linked to schizophrenia
40
hypothalamus
homeostasis; regulates temp, hunger/thirst, sex, hormone secretion, aggression, sleep/wake cycle connected to ANS and endocrine system contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): the body's circadian clock
41
amygdala
fear, startle, aggression, emotional memories linked to PTSD, fear memories activating it leads to aggression
42
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
w/o amygdala --> apathy, placid, hypersexual, excessive eating, agnosias
43
septum
part of limbic system, moderates/decreases aggression (S for septum/"simmer down")
44
basal ganglia (fx, parts)
subcortical areas regulating coordination of movement, esp. posture; inhibitory (put the brakes on movement, allowing us to be still) send info to the premotor and motor cortices main parts: caudate nucleus, putamen, substantia nigra, globus pallagus, subthalamic nucleus
45
Huntington's
dysfx in basal ganglia, extraneous unwanted movements (thrusting of face and limbs)
46
Parkinson's
loss of Da neurons in the substantia nigra (basal ganglia), difficulty w/ intended movement, tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowed movement)
47
excitatory neurons
increase the likelihood of an AP Ach, NE, glutamate
48
inhibitory neurons
decrease the likelihood of an AP GABA, endorphins
49
acetylcholine (Ach)
movement + memory (prevalent in the hippocampus) deficiency seen in Alzheimer's
50
dopamine (Da)
thought, movement, emotion; linked to brain's reward system excess Da in schizophrenia (antipsychotics are Da antagonists) insufficient Da in Parkinson's
51
norepinephrine (NE)
AKA noradrenalin; involved in mood (deficiency: depression; excess: mania), pain perception, sleep also released into bloodstream as a hormone
52
catecholamines
Da and NE; synthesize from dietary tyrosine and phenylaline
53
serotonin (5-HT)
mood, sleep, appetite, aggression, sex, pain deficient in mood disorders (similar to NE) --> hence SSRIs dysregulation of 5-HT assoc. w/ SI, impulsivity
54
GABA
major inhibitory NT (along w/ glycine), calming deficient in anxiety disorders, epilepsy (hence: benzos are GABA agonists)
55
glutamate
most common NT, excitatory abnormalities suspected in schizophrenia, OCD, ASD, depression
56
peptide NTs
long chains of amino acids, regulate stress and pain, enkephalins and endorphins
57
pituitary gland
master gland, regulated by the hypothalamus
58
hyperthyroidism
too much thyroxin, mimics anxiety weight loss despite increased appetite, sweating, diarrhea, palpitations, fatigue, agitated depression, insomnia, impaired memory/judgment e.g., Grave's Disease
59
hypothyroidism
too little thyroxin, mimics depression unexplained weight gain, sluggish, fatigue, impaired memory/intellectual fx, sensitivity to cold
60
diabetes
Type 1: not producing insulin Type 2: resistance to insulin insulin regulates blood sugar levels; hallmark of diabetes is hyperglycemia (excess blood sugar levels) but meds risk lowering it too much (hypoglycemia)
61
hyperglycemia
high blood sugar; increased thirst, appetite, urination
62
hypoglycemia
low blood sugar; nervous, irritable, cold sweats, fatigue, rapid HR, headache, confusion
63
Addison's Disease
under-secretion of corticosteroids apathy, weak, irritable, depressed, GI issues
64
Cushing's Disease
excess secretion of corticosteroids lability, agitated, depressed, irritable, memory/concentration issues
65
hyper/hypo-pituitarism
issues w/ secretion of growth hormone too much --> gigantism, acromegaly too little --> dwarfism, delayed puberty, gonadal failure
66
conduction aphasia
lesion in pathway b/w expressive and receptive speech areas; speak fluently w/ intact language comp BUT nonsensical and unable to repeat verbal phrases; can execute verbal commands b/c comprehension intact
67
anosognosia
a type of agnosia; lack of awareness of disability or problem (e.g., in Wernicke's aphasia)
68
Grave's Disease
a type of hyperthyroidism
69
Gerstmann's Syndrome
-results from lesion of the L/dominant parietal lobe -sxs: agraphia, acalculia, L-R confusion, finger agnosia

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