Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EPPP > The Nervous System: Brain, NTs, etc. > Flashcards

The Nervous System: Brain, NTs, etc. Flashcards

1
Q

afferent neurons

A

carry sensory info INTO the CNS (A for Approach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor neurons, carry info away from CNS to the muscles and glands (E for Exit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

parts of the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 main divisions of the the brain

A

brain stem, cerebrum, cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that go to/from the brain and spinal cord; broken into somatic and autonomic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

somatic nervous system

A

part of peripheral NS; sends/receives sensory messages that control voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of peripheral NS;
controls automatic involuntary bodily fxs (e.g., heart rate, digestion, breathing); broken into sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sympathetic NS

A

part of autonomic NS; body’s mobilizing system, “fight or flight;”
when activated, hormones release into blood stream increasing HR, BP, breathing and slowing digestion/elimination; dominant in times of stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

part of autonomic NS; energy conserving system, “rest and digest,” basic body maintenance (lower HR, BP, breathing; increase in digestion); dominant when relaxed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

parts of spinal cord

A
  1. Cervical (neck) region
  2. Thoracic (chest) region
  3. Lumbar (back) region
  4. Sacral region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cerebellum

A

controls auto adjustments of posture and muscle tone responsible for BALANCE; @ base of brain behind brain stem; coordination of motor activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ataxia

A

cerebellar disease; lack of coordination of muscles, voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

brain stem (parts)

A

primitive brain, below subcortical regions and in front of cerebellum;
1) pons
2) medulla
3) reticular formation (incl. RAS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pons + medulla

A

parts of brain stem; involved in sleep, breathing, movement, cardiovascular activity; damage can lead to failure of bodily fxs/death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

reticular formation

A

part of brain stem; set of interconnected nuclei; involved in awareness, attention, sleep

includes the Reticular Activating Sytem (RAS), which is responsible for sleep-wake cycle, projects to the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cerebrum

A

outer layer is the cerebral cortex + subcortical areas beneath; responsible for complex thought, perception, action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

left cerebral hemisphere

A

Left = Language + Logic;
controls R side of body;
dominant in 97% of people;
verbal memory; rational, analytic, logical, and abstract thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

right cerebral hemisphere

A

perceptual, artistic, intuitive, emotional, visuospatial, musical;
maintenance of body image;
comprehension/expression of visual, facial, and verbal emotion;
controls L side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

damage to L FRONTAL lobe;
problem with speech production/articulation; expressive/motor aphasia; broken speech, slow w/ pauses; comprehension mostly intact; AWARE of their difficulties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

damage to L TEMPORAL lobe; speech comprehension problems; person speaks fluently but nonsensical; cannot follow verbal commands or repeat phases; NOT aware of the problem (anosognosia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

aphasia

A

speech disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

agraphia

A

inability to write

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

anomia

A

can’t recall names of things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

apraxia

A

inability to carry out purposeful movements despite desire/physical ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

damage to L hemisphere can lead to…

A

aphasia (Broca’s or Wernicke’s), agraphia, anomia, apraxia, difficulties w/ R side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

damage to R hemisphere can lead to…

A

L side hemi-neglect, prosopagnosia, visual/perceptual disturbances, affective abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

agnosia

A

inability to interpret/recognize sensations or sensory stimuli (e.g., objects, ppl, shapes, sounds, smells), incl. prosopagnosia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

frontal lobes

A

largest portion of the brain;
1) PFC - planning, initiative, personality, emotionality, inhibition, judgment, abstract thinking
2) premotor area - planning movement
3) motor area - instigates voluntary muscle movement

29
Q

Broca’s area

A

in the L frontal lobe; controls muscles that produce speech (expressive)

30
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

in the L temporal lobe; language comprehension

31
Q

damage to frontal lobes can lead to…

A

loss of movement of various body parts, change in personality, lability, inattention, issues w/ problem-solving, expressive language issues (Broca’s aphasia)

32
Q

parietal lobes

A

behind frontal lobes, house the somatosensory cortex; process sensory info, incl. touch, heat, pain, proprioception

33
Q

damage to the parietal lobes can lead to…

A

alexia, agraphia, anomnia, acalculia, issues distinguishing L+R, lack of awareness of certain body parts, poor hand-eye coordination

34
Q

alexia

A

acquired inability to read

35
Q

temporal lobes

A

on outsides of each hemisphere (by the temples); primary auditory cortex (hearing); connected to limbic system (incl. hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala), involved in emotional bx and memory
R: visual memory
L: verbal mem, language comp (Wernicke’s area)

36
Q

damage to temporal lobes can lead to…

A

aggressive bx (temporal ~ temper), change in interest in sexual bx, interference w/ memory, probs understanding speech (Wernicke’s aphasia), sleep issues

37
Q

occipital lobes

A

@ back of brain; primary visual cortex; sight, reading, visual images

damage can lead to… difficulty recognizing drawn objects, ID-ing colors; hallucinations/illusions; word blindness

38
Q

limbic system

A

set of subcortical structures, our “primitive brain;” involved in survival/basic drives, emotions, learning, memory

influences our endocrine system and autonomic NS

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, septum

39
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay center (all senses except smell), pain perception

abnormalities linked to schizophrenia

40
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostasis; regulates temp, hunger/thirst, sex, hormone secretion, aggression, sleep/wake cycle

connected to ANS and endocrine system

contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): the body’s circadian clock

41
Q

amygdala

A

fear, startle, aggression, emotional memories

linked to PTSD, fear memories

activating it leads to aggression

42
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

w/o amygdala –> apathy, placid, hypersexual, excessive eating, agnosias

43
Q

septum

A

part of limbic system, moderates/decreases aggression (S for septum/”simmer down”)

44
Q

basal ganglia (fx, parts)

A

subcortical areas regulating coordination of movement, esp. posture; inhibitory (put the brakes on movement, allowing us to be still)

send info to the premotor and motor cortices

main parts: caudate nucleus, putamen, substantia nigra, globus pallagus, subthalamic nucleus

45
Q

Huntington’s

A

dysfx in basal ganglia, extraneous unwanted movements (thrusting of face and limbs)

46
Q

Parkinson’s

A

loss of Da neurons in the substantia nigra (basal ganglia), difficulty w/ intended movement, tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowed movement)

47
Q

excitatory neurons

A

increase the likelihood of an AP

Ach, NE, glutamate

48
Q

inhibitory neurons

A

decrease the likelihood of an AP

GABA, endorphins

49
Q

acetylcholine (Ach)

A

movement + memory (prevalent in the hippocampus)

deficiency seen in Alzheimer’s

50
Q

dopamine (Da)

A

thought, movement, emotion;
linked to brain’s reward system

excess Da in schizophrenia (antipsychotics are Da antagonists)

insufficient Da in Parkinson’s

51
Q

norepinephrine (NE)

A

AKA noradrenalin; involved in mood (deficiency: depression; excess: mania), pain perception, sleep

also released into bloodstream as a hormone

52
Q

catecholamines

A

Da and NE; synthesize from dietary tyrosine and phenylaline

53
Q

serotonin (5-HT)

A

mood, sleep, appetite, aggression, sex, pain

deficient in mood disorders (similar to NE) –> hence SSRIs

dysregulation of 5-HT assoc. w/ SI, impulsivity

54
Q

GABA

A

major inhibitory NT (along w/ glycine), calming

deficient in anxiety disorders, epilepsy (hence: benzos are GABA agonists)

55
Q

glutamate

A

most common NT, excitatory

abnormalities suspected in schizophrenia, OCD, ASD, depression

56
Q

peptide NTs

A

long chains of amino acids, regulate stress and pain, enkephalins and endorphins

57
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland, regulated by the hypothalamus

58
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

too much thyroxin, mimics anxiety

weight loss despite increased appetite, sweating, diarrhea, palpitations, fatigue, agitated depression, insomnia, impaired memory/judgment

e.g., Grave’s Disease

59
Q

hypothyroidism

A

too little thyroxin, mimics depression

unexplained weight gain, sluggish, fatigue, impaired memory/intellectual fx, sensitivity to cold

60
Q

diabetes

A

Type 1: not producing insulin
Type 2: resistance to insulin

insulin regulates blood sugar levels;
hallmark of diabetes is hyperglycemia (excess blood sugar levels) but meds risk lowering it too much (hypoglycemia)

61
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high blood sugar; increased thirst, appetite, urination

62
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar; nervous, irritable, cold sweats, fatigue, rapid HR, headache, confusion

63
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

under-secretion of corticosteroids

apathy, weak, irritable, depressed, GI issues

64
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

excess secretion of corticosteroids

lability, agitated, depressed, irritable, memory/concentration issues

65
Q

hyper/hypo-pituitarism

A

issues w/ secretion of growth hormone

too much –> gigantism, acromegaly
too little –> dwarfism, delayed puberty, gonadal failure

66
Q

conduction aphasia

A

lesion in pathway b/w expressive and receptive speech areas; speak fluently w/ intact language comp BUT nonsensical and unable to repeat verbal phrases; can execute verbal commands b/c comprehension intact

67
Q

anosognosia

A

a type of agnosia; lack of awareness of disability or problem (e.g., in Wernicke’s aphasia)

68
Q

Grave’s Disease

A

a type of hyperthyroidism

69
Q

Gerstmann’s Syndrome

A

-results from lesion of the L/dominant parietal lobe
-sxs: agraphia, acalculia, L-R confusion, finger agnosia

EPPP (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions