Treatment for cardiovascular diseases

Question 1

treatments for hypertension

Answer 1

beta blockers
alpha blockers
diuretics
ACE inhibitors
angiotensin II receptor blockers
Ca2+ channel blockers

Question 2

beta blockers

Answer 2

beta adrenoreceptor (on cardiac smooth muscle) antagonists reduce affects of adrenaline, including: heart rate, cardiac output and renin release
propanolol
atenolol

Question 3

propanolol
atenolol

Answer 3

beta blockers
propanolol = non-selective (beta1 and 2)
atenolol = selective (beta1)

Question 4

alpha blockers

Answer 4

alpha adrenoreceptor (on vessels) blockers reduce affects of adrenaline, including: vasocontriction
phentolamine
doxazosin
prazosin

Question 5

phentolamine
doxazosin
prazosin

Answer 5

alpha blockers
phentolamine = non-selective (alpha1 and 2)
doxazosin, prazosin = selective (alpha1)

Question 6

ACE inhibitors

Answer 6

reduce blood pressure by reducing angiotensin II conversion, thus aldosterone release. reduces renal reabsorption
captopril
enalapril

Question 7

captopril
enalapril

Answer 7

ACE inhibitors

Question 8

angiotensin II receptor blockers

Answer 8

AT1 and AT2 receptor antagonists reduce vasoconstriction and aldosterone release
losartan
candesartan

Question 9

losartan
candesartan

Answer 9

AT1 receptor blockers

Question 10

diuretics

Answer 10

lowers blood pressure by lowering blood volume through reducing renal reabsorption
bendoflumethazide

Question 11

bendoflumethazide

Answer 11

diuretic

Question 12

Ca2+ channel blockers

Answer 12

reduce Ca2+ entry into vascular smooth and cardiac muscle by blocking L-type Ca2+ channels
verapamil
diltiazem
nifedipine

Question 13

verapamil
diltiazem
nifedipine

Answer 13

Ca2+ channel blockers
verapamil, diltiazem = open channel blockers
nifedipine = allosteric modulator

Question 14

selectivity of tissues with
Ca2+ channel blockers

Answer 14

cardiac:
- nifedipine
- diltiazem
- verapamil
smooth:
- verapamil
- diltiazem
- nifedipine

Question 15

treatments for angina

Answer 15

nitrovasodilators
invabradine

Question 16

types of angina

Answer 16

stable angina
unstable angina
variant angina

Question 17

nitrovasodilators

Answer 17

treats stable angina and used as rapid relief for all types
mimics action of endogenous nitric acid (generally pro-drugs)
GTN
amyl nitrate

Question 18

GTN
amyl nitrate

Answer 18

nitrovasodilators used to treat angina

Question 19

invabradine

Answer 19

used to treat all forms of angina
blocks Na+ influx into cardiac muscle cells contributing to SA node depolarisation to decrease heart rate but not force

Question 20

treatments used for heart failure

Answer 20

dopamine
dobutamine
digoxin (digitalis)
levosimendan (Ca2+ sensitisers)

Question 21

dopamine for heart failure

Answer 21

acts on dopamine receptors D1 and D2 in the heart and induces nor-adrenaline release, resulting in vasodilation and increased heart rate

Question 22

dobutamine for heart failure

Answer 22

acts on beta1 and beta2 adrenoreceptors in the heart for short-term inotropic support

Question 23

digoxin (digitalis)

Answer 23

slows heart rate and provides inotropic support by binding Na+/K+ channels to increase Ca2+ influx and concentration in the heart
- low therapeutic index

Question 24

levosimdenan for heart failure

Answer 24

maintains active troponin C conformation to increase heart contractility

Question 25

treatments for atherosclerosis

Answer 25

statins

Question 26

types/stages of atherosclerosis

Answer 26

advanced lesion formation unstable fibrous plaques

Question 27

statins

Answer 27

used to treat atherosclerosis by competitively inhibiting rate-limiting steps in cholesterol synthesis simvastatin pravastatin rosuvastatin

Question 28

simvastatin pravastatin rosuvastatin

Answer 28

statins used to treat atherosclerosis

Question 29

formation of atherosclerosis

Answer 29

1. lesions in vessel allow for entry of blood cells and platelets 2. monocytes/macrophages form lipid-filled foam cells 3. macrophages release MMP enzymes that breakdown structural proteins in the vessel wall 4. advanced lesion formation where fibrous caps form for healing 5. foam cell die leading to lipid oxidation and further monocyte recruitment 6. formation of unstable fibrous plaques where cap thins and may lead to occlusion

Question 30

atherosclerosis risk factors

Answer 30

high cholesterol intake hyperlipidemia hyperlipoproteinaemia

Question 31

hyperlipidemia (hyperlipoproteinaemia)

Answer 31

abnormally high levels of some or all lipids/lipoproteins