Cardiac anatomy

Question 1

mediastinum

Answer 1

cavity in thorax containing the heart, great vessels, thymus and oesophagus

Question 2

heart apex placement of heart in thorax

Answer 2

around the 5th intercostal ribs

Question 3

anterior (facing sternum) landmarks

Answer 3

coronary sulcus
anterior interventricular sulcus
auricles

Question 4

posterior (facing spine) landmarks

Answer 4

coronary sulcus
posterior interventricular sulcus

Question 5

coronary sulcus

Answer 5

divides atria and ventricles
- right coronary artery anteriorly
- coronary sinus posteriorly

Question 6

anterior interventricular sulcus

Answer 6

divides right and left ventricles
- left anterior descending artery

Question 7

posterior interventricular sulcus

Answer 7

divides right and left ventricles
- right posterior descending artery

Question 8

layers of the heart

Answer 8

pericardium
serous pericardium:
- parietal layer
- pericardial cavity
- visceral layer
epicardium
myocardium (cardiac muscle)
endocardium

Question 9

pericardium

Answer 9

fibrous, tough, elastic layer of connective tissue around the heart
open end fused to great vessels
attaches apex to diaphragm

Question 10

serous pericardium

Answer 10

parietal layer fused to the pericardium
pericardial cavity contains pericardial fluid for lubrication
visceral layer continuous with the epicardium

Question 11

heart valves

Answer 11

atrioventricular valves:
- tricuspid (right)
- bicuspid (left)
semilunar valves:
- from ventricles to major arteries
- consists of 3 semilunar valves

Question 12

heart valve features

Answer 12

chordae tendinae
papillary muscles
- used to close valves

Question 13

interior atrial landmarks

Answer 13

right:
- pectinate muscles
- fossa ovalis
left:
- 2 left pulmonary veins
- 2 right pulmonary veins

Question 14

interior ventricular landmarks

Answer 14

chordae tendinae
trabeculae carnae
papillary muscles

Question 15

great vessels for deoxygenated blood

Answer 15

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
pulmonary trunk and arteries

Question 16

great vessels of oxygenated blood

Answer 16

ascending aorta and aortic arch
pulmonary veins

Question 17

haemotopoeisis

Answer 17

blood production

Question 18

haemorrhaging

Answer 18

blood loss

Question 19

red blood cell production

Answer 19

produces by red bone marrow using erythropoietin (renal hormone)

Question 20

blood components

Answer 20

plasma, leukocytes, thrombrocytes, erythrocytes

Question 21

haematocrit

Answer 21

normal red blood cell count
45-50%

Question 22

anaemia

Answer 22

low red blood cell count

Question 23

polycythaemia

Answer 23

high red blooc cell count

Question 24

white blood cell types

Answer 24

granulocytes
agranulocytes

Question 25

granulocytes

Answer 25

white blood cells containing granules in their cytoplasm neutrophils eosinophils basophils

Question 26

agranulocytes

Answer 26

white blood cells lacking granules in their cytoplasm lymphocytes monocytes

Question 27

leukopenia

Answer 27

low white blood cell count

Question 28

leukocytosis

Answer 28

high white blood cell count

Question 29

thrombocytosis

Answer 29

high platelet count

Question 30

thrombocytopenia

Answer 30

low platelet count

Question 31

plasma components

Answer 31

water, proteins (mostly albumin), glucose, electrolytes

Question 32

basic blood vessel structure

Answer 32

tunica interna = epithelial layer tunica media = smooth muscle and elastic tissue layer tunica externa = connective tissue layer

Question 33

arteries

Answer 33

large diameter and lumen thick tunica externa elastic arteries: - less smooth muscle and more elastic tissue muscular arteries: - less elastic tissue and more smooth muscle

Question 34

ateriols

Answer 34

smaller diameter and lumen than arteries tunica media mostly smooth muscle to redivert flow via constriction

Question 35

anastomoses

Answer 35

point of joining of 2 blood vessels which allow back-up flow of blood if one blood vessel was to fail

Question 36

vessels most susceptible to atherosclerosis

Answer 36

those with high curvature or tubular flow

Question 37

capillaries

Answer 37

smallest diameter and thin walls for diffusion only have tunica interna (epithelial cells and basement membrane)

Question 38

types of capillary walls

Answer 38

continuous fenestrated sinusoid

Question 39

continuous capillary wall

Answer 39

fully intact basement membrane and endothelial layer

Question 40

fenestrated capillary wall

Answer 40

physical holes in epithelia

Question 41

sinusoid capillary wall

Answer 41

gapped basement membrane and epithelial layer

Question 42

post-capillary venules

Answer 42

no tunica media sparse tunica externa - porous and can still facilitate exchange

Question 43

muscular venules

Answer 43

tunica media (1-2 layers of smooth muscle) thin tunica externa - no longer allows for diffusion

Question 44

veins

Answer 44

less tunica media than arteries (very large lumen) contains valves and skeletal muscle

Question 45

superficial veins

Answer 45

veins closer to the skin surface veins tend to be found above arteries

Question 46

vascular venous sinuses

Answer 46

points of joining in veins to form large reservoir

Question 47

varicose veins

Answer 47

due to loss of vein wall elasticity leading to weakening and dilation - can result in valve deformation (+ve feedback)