Treatment and Prevention of Bacterial Infection

Question 1

What is the definition of:

• antimicrobial
• antibacterial
• antibiotic
• bactericidal
• bacteriostatic

Answer 1

Lecture 5, slide 4-5

Question 2

What is selective toxicity? What are the three ways in which it can be achieved?

Answer 2

Lecture 5, slide 6

Question 3

Why are antibiotics not profitable for pharmaceutical companies?

Answer 3

• People only need them until they getter better, once they are cured they will stop buying them.
• So the pharma companies don’t want to invest in developing new antibiotics.

Question 4

What are the different classifications of antibiotics?

Answer 4

Lecture 5, slide 23-24, 32-33

Question 5

What is the mechanism of action of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis?

Answer 5

Lecture 5, slide 25-26

Question 6

What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?

Answer 6

Lecture 5, slide 28

Question 7

What are the different types of beta-lactams?

Answer 7

Lecture 5, slide 27

Question 8

Why are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis selectively toxic?

Answer 8

Lecture 5, slide 29

Question 9

What is the mechanism of action of sulphonamide and trimethoprim?

Answer 9

Lecture 5, slide 30

Question 10

What is the mechanism of action of antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 10

Lecture 5, slide 31

Question 11

How may an antibiotic be administered, and what factors influence its administration?

Answer 11

Lecture 5, slide 34

Question 12

What are the different mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?

Answer 12

Lecture 5, slide 35-41

-ability to form biofilms

Question 13

How is antibiotic resistance spread between bacteria?

Answer 13

Lecture 5, slide 42, 44

• integrons (genetic cassettes are circular)
• plasmids

Question 14

What are biofilms? Why are they difficult to eradicate?

Answer 14

Lecture 5, slide 48, 50

Question 15

How can anti-microbial resistance be combated in hospitals?

Answer 15

Lecture 5, slide 52-53

Question 16

Why may pharmaceutical companies not want to invest in developing vaccines?

Answer 16

• they are only given once/a few times per individual

- but vaccines are given to almost everyone, so they are more profitable than antibiotics.

Question 17

What is immunisation? What is passive immunisation? What is active immunisation?

Answer 17

Lecture 6, slide 11

Question 18

What is specific and non-specific passive immunisation?

Answer 18

Lecture 6 (forms of immunisation), slide 2

Question 19

Compare and contrast live vs non-live vaccines.

Answer 19

Lecture 6 (forms of immunisation), slide 7

Question 20

What are the advantages and disadvantages of live-attenuated vaccines?

Answer 20

Lecture 6 (forms of immunisation), slide 8

Question 21

What are the advantages and disadvantages of killed whole micro-organisms as vaccines?

Answer 21

Lecture 6 (forms of immunisation), slide 9

Question 22

What are toxids?

Answer 22

Lecture 6 (forms of immunisation), slide 11

Question 23

What are the two types of Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines?

Answer 23

Lecture 6, slide 13

Question 24

What are conjugated polysaccharide vaccines? What is their advantage?

Answer 24

Lecture 6, slide 14-15

Question 25

What is the difference in the immune response to polysaccharide vaccines vs conjugated vaccines?

Answer 25

Lecture 6, slide 16

-only proteins can undergo antigen presentation (the process of activating T cells)

Question 26

What are the benefits of vaccinations?

Answer 26

Lecture 6, slide 21-22

-can reduce antibiotic resistance

Question 27

What are the current challenges for making vaccines?

Answer 27

Lecture 6, slide 24-27

Question 28

How to make a successful vaccine?

Answer 28

Lecture 6, slide 29-34