Treatment 1

Question 1

What are the 2 broad families of treatment that are typically available?

Answer 1

Biomedical treatments: treatments aimed at directly altering the functioning of the brain (e.g., drugs, electric shocks, etc.)

Psychotherapy: treatments done through an interaction with a psychotherapist aiming to provide support and/or relief from the problem.

Question 2

Which professions are responsible for administering the 2 different tratements?

Answer 2

Psychiatrist: a medical doctor (MD) who is allowed to prescribe medication but is often not trained in psychotherapy. (this is a specialization like pedeatrics for example.)
­
Clinical Psychologist: a psychologist with a doctorate degree who does research in clinical psychology and is trained in various forms of psychotherapy, but is not allowed to prescribe medication. (most psychologists take on an eclectic approach and apply a large variety of therapies dependent on the clients needs)

Question 3

What are the 3 different aims/approached to treatment?

Answer 3

Direct intervention: address the “root of the problem” in hopes of eliminating the disorder. (Ex: if you think that automatic behaviours are the cause of a disorder we would focus on that, if we think that seratonin is the problem we will try to fix this)

Symptom support: alleviate the impairment of symptoms, but not the underlying cause. (there are many situations where we don’t think we can get to the root of the disorder. Will often teach coping or ways to minimize the impact. Most forms of psycho therapy are based on this.)

Insight: learn about likely causes of disorder to have patient decide how to deal with them. (belief that if a person gains understanding into why they are acting the way that they are acting, they may be able to fix the problem on their own.)

Question 3

What are the 3 different aims/approached to treatment?

Answer 3

Direct intervention: address the “root of the problem” in hopes of eliminating the disorder. (Ex: if you think that automatic behaviours are the cause of a disorder we would focus on that, if we think that seratonin is the problem we will try to fix this)

Symptom support: alleviate the impairment of symptoms, but not the underlying cause. (there are many situations where we don’t think we can get to the root of the disorder. Will often teach coping or ways to minimize the impact. Most forms of psycho therapy are based on this.)

Insight: learn about likely causes of disorder to have patient decide how to deal with them. (belief that if a person gains understanding into why they are acting the way that they are acting, they may be able to fix the problem on their own.)

Question 4

What are the problems with measuring the effectiveness of treatment?

Answer 4

1. self report is unreliable.
   - the relationship you form with your psychologist (theraputic alliance), may make you think that the treatment is helping, but it may actually be that the psychologist as a person is the thing that is helping.

• Patients tend to misremember how bad their symptoms were, and thus feel that the treatment must have worked.

2. The worst symptoms often go on their own
   - Symptoms naturally vary in severity, so some will go away on their own (“natural improvement”).

• ­Patients tend to seek treatment when they are at their worst, so they might improve even if they never got help. (This is a third variable problem. we don’t know the causal effect)

3. Placebo effects
   - Placebo: an inert substance or procedure that is applied with the expectation that
   a healing response will be produced.
   - a treatment has to work better than a placebo effect in order for us to know that it truly works.

Question 5

What are the 2 key concepts you need to consider when evaluating treatment? Which one is always higher and why?

Answer 5

Efficacy: how well the treatment works in ideal conditions.

­Effectiveness: how well the treatment works in real-life conditions.

Efficacy is always higher than effectiveness because: ­Treatment might be prohibitively expensive. ­Treatment might produce severe side-effects. ­Treatment might be stigmatized.

Question 6

What is treatment outcome research/randomized Control Trial (RCT)? What is the procedure?

Answer 6

the “gold standard” type of experiment that assesses the efficacy and/or effectiveness of an intervention.

• Treatment group: assess initial symptoms, administer new treatments, assess symptoms again. We are testing the efficacy in this group.
• active control: assess initial symptoms, administer ‘standard’ or ‘mock’ treatment, assess symptoms again. A mock treatment is essentially a placebo treatment and it is only used when there is no standard.
• Inactive control: Assess initial symptoms, do nothing, assess symptoms again.

Question 7

What is the point of the inactive control group? The active control?

Answer 7

inactive:
- Measures efficacy/effectiveness in comparison to doing nothing. ­
- Measures degree of natural improvement.
- Gives measure of patient bias for assessing pre- vs. post-symptoms.
- any difference seen in inactive control is natural improvement so we want to see more change than that

Active:
- ­Measures efficacy/effectiveness in comparison to doing something. ­
- Measures placebo effects
- if your treatment is better than the mock treatment you know that it is better than placebo, if you have something better than standard, then you know you have something better than the standard.

Question 8

What is the biomedical approach?

Answer 8

treatments aimed at directly altering the functioning of the brain through drugs, stimulation, surgery, etc.

Type: biomedical.

­Mechanism: direct intervention or symptom alleviation

­Effectiveness: high; generally cheap and easy to administer with few side- effects.

­Used for: most clinical disorders, but especially anxiety, depressive, bipolar, schizophrenia, and neurodevelopmental.

Question 9

What are the 4 relevant neurotransmitters and what do they do?

Answer 9

Serotonin: primarily related to feelings of well-being, appetite, and sleep.
­
Dopamine: primarily related to increasing activity in various brain regions, especially those related to reward and pleasurable feelings.
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GABA: primarily related to inhibiting neuronal activity (more GABA = less activity).

Norepinephrine: primarily related to increasing arousal and sense of altertness,
especially during the stress response.

Question 10

What are antipsychotics? What are the 2 major types?

Answer 10

Antipsychotics: drugs primarily used to treat psychotic conditions.

Two major types:
- Conventional/Typical: exclusively block dopamine receptors, reducing the effects of dopamine in the brain. Especially good for helping treat positive symptoms, including auditory hallucinations. (this used to be the gold standard because they are really effective at treating symptoms of schizophrenia. Believed to reduce institutionalization of people with schizophrenia.)
­
- Atypical: block activity of both serotonin and dopamine. Results in fewer side- effects and help with some of the negative symptoms. (these result in fewer side effects and help more with a lot of the negative symptoms.)

Question 11

What are antipsychotics used for? What is the effectiveness, limitations, and side effects?

Answer 11

Used For: schizophrenia, bipolar, treatment-resistant depression.

Effectiveness: the most effective treatment available for schizophrenia (especially positive symptoms), and have over the years cut the number of patients in psychiatric hospitals by two thirds.

Limitations: significant side-effects and not always as good for negative symptoms.

Side-Effects: weight-gain, involuntary muscle movements (dykinesia), diabetes, potential for some serious drug interactions. (it is the best available treatment but it is really difficult to treat overtime.)

Question 12

What are anxiolytics/anti-anxiety? What are the three major types?

Answer 12

drugs used to treat anxiety; their popularity has
been decreasing due to tendency for abuse and adverse interactions.

Three major types:
­- Benzodiazepines: drugs that increase GABA and decrease brain activity; most commonly administered and most effective anxiolytic. (leads to some dangerous longterm conditions)

• ­Buspirone / Wellbutrin: drug that stabilizes serotonin levels and is often used with comorbid depression.

­- Beta Blockers: drugs that block norepinephrine and thus control muscle tension, blood pressure, and heart rate.

Question 13

What are anxiolytics used for? effectiveness, limitations, side effects?

Answer 13

Used For: anxiety (general and specific), sleep disorders, PTSD, OCD.

Effectiveness: very high for most people, but not prescribed as often as they used to be.

Limitations: only alleviates symptoms, builds strong drug-tolerance, requiring higher and higher doses that can lead to addiction.

Side-Effects: withdrawal after tolerance, drowsiness, issues with motor coordination, potentially deadly when combined with alcohol (especially benzodiazepines).

Question 14

What are antidepressants? What are the 2 major types?

Answer 14

Antidepressants: medication used to treat depression, anxiety, and several other disorders; the most commonly prescribed psychopharmacological medication in the world.

Two major types used today:

­Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): drugs that increase the amount of serotonin in the brain; historically the most popular anti-depressants.

­Serotonin-Norepinehprine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs): drugs that increase both serotonin and norepinephrine, and are increasing in popularity today due to lower side-effects than SSRIs.

Question 15

What are antideperessants used for? effectiveness, limitations, side effects?

Answer 15

Used For: depression, anxiety, addiction, PTSD, OCD. Effectiveness: very high (when they are working)

Limitations: take time to start working (usually 1-3 months); require increasing dosage or change over time.

Side-Effects: very few for modern antidepressants – weight gain, reduced sexual desire, and rarely serotonin toxicity.

Question 16

What are mood stabilalizers? What are the 2 major types?

Answer 16

Mood Stabilizers: drugs used to treat bipolar disorder that attempt to
decrease the severity of depressive and manic episodes.

Two major types:
­
Mineral Salts/Lithium: class of drugs that occur naturally and help decrease adrenaline and increase serotonin, thus helping with both mania and depression. Most commonly administered mood stabilizers.
­
Anticonvulsant: class of drugs that increase GABA and norepinepherine and especially help during manic episodes. They are also used to help prevent seizures in epileptic patients.

Question 17

What are mood stabilizers used for? effectiveness, limitations, side-effects?

Answer 17

Used For: bipolar.

Effectiveness: very high in correct dose for many patients, but doesn’t work universally for everybody.

Limitations: big individual differences, thus requiring frequent visits to psychiatrist to adjust dose; required dose can also change over time.

Side-Effects: can cause kidney and thyroid damage if dose is wrong, drowsiness, muscle weakness.

Question 18

What are psychostimulants?

Answer 18

Psychostimulants: drugs used to treat attentional disorders, including ADHD. Selectively release norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of the brain, boosting ability to pay attention.

Unlike other psychoactive drugs, psychostimulants are frequently abused, and overdoses can be fatal.

There is continued debate over whether psychostimulants should be allowed for people not suffering from attention problems to generally boost performance.

Question 19

what are psychostimulants used for? Effectivness, limitations, side effects?

Answer 19

Used For: ADHD, depression, eating disorders.

Effectiveness: very high, though likely overprescribed.

Limitations: tolerance build-up; addictive, especially with recreational use.

Side-Effects: insomnia, irritability, weight-loss drowsiness, decreased inhibitory control in high doses.

Question 20

how do biomedical approaches function?

Answer 20

by changing the functioning of the brain, either through neurotransmitters (drugs) or by more invasive measures (e.g., ECT – check out your textbook).

Question 21

What is true about the variability, efficacy and effectiveness of biomedical approaches?

Answer 21

They are generally high in effectiveness and efficacy, but also show widespread individual differences and often do not treat the underlying problem.

Question 22

How are most disorders treated today?

Answer 22

As we will learn on Wednesday and Friday, most clinical disorders today are therefore treated by a mixture of medication and psychotherapy.

Question 23

what is psychotherapy? What are the 2 broad families?

Answer 23

Psychotherapy: treatments done through an interaction with a professional
psychotherapist. (the building of a therapeutic alliance)

Two broad “families”:
­Insight-focused therapies: goal is primarily to give client insight into the cause of their disorder.

­Intervention-focused therapies: goal is primarily to help client change their thinking and behaving to help them cope with symptoms and/or directly address the cause of the disorder.

Question 24

What are the 3 insight based therapies?

Answer 24

psychodynamic, interpersonal, humanistic

Question 25

What are the 3 intervention based therapies?

Answer 25

behavioural, cognitive, CBT, Third-wave (DBT, ACT)

Question 26

What is psychoanalysis/psychodynamic therapy? What is it used for? what is the type, mechanism, effectiveness,?

Answer 26

therapy based on Freudian principles of identifying and resolving unconscious conflicts. ­Type: insight ­Mechanism: reveal unconscious causes of disorder then relieve them through personality change ­Effectiveness: mixed – works for some high-functioning clients, but generally dispreferred to other therapies (there is some work that suggests it does work for some people in some situations) ­Used for: depression, anxiety, and personality disorders.

Question 27

What are 4 unique features of psychodynamic therapy?

Answer 27

1. Interpretation: the client doesn’t understand their problems, so the therapist must reveal it to them. 2.Transference: the client will project their unconscious desires and defence mechanisms onto the therapist, who analyzes them. 3. Removing Interference: the client must be distraction-free. 4. Longtime: on average, takes 2 years and requires meeting with the therapist multiple times a week.

Question 28

What are the 5 things that psychodynamic techniques are focused on?

Answer 28

­Finding things that the client doesn’t want to talk about. ­ Early childhood experiences and attachments (i.e., past, not present). ­Possible sources of trauma (conscious and unconscious). ­ Talking about fantasies, dreams, hopes, and fears. ­ Reading “between the lines” in what the client is saying, and building a narrative for what is really going on.

Question 29

What is unstructured talk?

Answer 29

the client and the therapist talk back-and-forth to reveal patterns of thoughts, but there is no pre-determined topic.

Question 30

What is free association?

Answer 30

client to freely generates ideas as they come to mind.

Question 31

what is dream analysis?

Answer 31

therapist analyzes dream journals clients are asked to keep.

Question 32

What is resistance?

Answer 32

clients becoming upset, refusing to discuss things, or even walking out of therapy are seen as evidence of defence mechanisms, which usually means the therapy is on the right track.

Question 33

do psychoanalysts believe that effectiveness can be measured? What does the research that has been done show?

Answer 33

Good for some clients: high-functioning and can come into treatment very frequently and achieve insight. (high functioning means that they can afford both mentally and financially a long term treatment) ­ Good for some disorders: especially panic disorder and borderline personality disorder. ­ Good for some goals: if insight and a long-term relationship with a professional is desired, psychoanalysis provides good outcomes.

Question 34

What is interpersonal psychotherapy? What is it used for? Type, mechanism, effectiveness?

Answer 34

Interpersonal Psychotherapy: a mixture of psychodynamic and attachment theory aimed at helping people improve current relationships. ­ Type: Brief insight psychotherapy (usually 12 sessions). ­ Mechanism: help clients gain insight into how current interaction patterns are causing significant issues in their life. (looks at how those patterns have been created and changed as well) ­ Effectiveness: more than classical psychodynamic therapy. ­ Used for: grief counselling, life role transition, depression, anxiety, eating disorders. (used a lot when interactions between other people is the main root of a problem.)

Question 35

What are the unique features of interpersonal psychoanalysis? (4 things)

Answer 35

Unlike classic psychoanalysis: ­Focus is on present-day unconscious attachment. (more like what is relationship with your attachments like now, not when you were a child) ­Therapist is not a passive listener, but actively guides the client through their thoughts and feelings. ­The client and the therapist collaboratively reach insight. ­ (still an understanding that the client doesn’t really understand whats going on but they are also in control of the narrative in some way) Progress occurs as much outside the office, as it does inside.

Question 36

What is communication analysis?

Answer 36

asking the client to create a narrative around a recent interpersonal event, with a focus on intended vs. actual communication.

Question 37

What is open Generation?

Answer 37

giving the client a set of options for what they might do and how they might accomplish it. when the insight is built, the insight might not be sufficient for them to change their behaviour

Question 38

What is role play?

Answer 38

Role Play: the therapist may pretend to be somebody else to both observe transference and have client practice interpersonal skills. (we’re very interested in transference. We try to simulate their interaction patterns with people outside of the office)

Question 39

What is person-centred therapy (CPT)? What is it used for? Type, mechanism, effectiveness?

Answer 39

a humanistic therapy (a family of therapies) in which the therapist acts as a mirror through which the client reaches their own insight and becomes their “authentic self”. Type: insight psychotherapy. ­ Mechanism: by focusing on empathy and radical acceptance of the client, they accept themselves and find their own ways of dealing with their problems. (the client is assumed to have all of the tools they need to get better but their relationships or interactions with people affect this.) Effectiveness: good for high-functioning people seeking insight. ­Used for: primarily for depression, anxiety, and addictions.

Question 40

What are the unique features of person-centred therapy?

Answer 40

Opposite of psychodynamic therapy: ­ Insight comes from patient, not from therapist. ­ The therapist provides compassionate and judgment-free environment. ­ Therapist is genuinely themselves and acts as a model for the client. ­ Emphasis is on open communication, empathy, total acceptance.

Question 41

What is unconditional Positive regard?

Answer 41

a caring, empathic, nonjudgmental attitude adopted by PCT therapists.

Question 42

What is Active Listening/Mirroring?

Answer 42

empathic listening in which the therapist echoes, restates, and clarifies what the patient said, but doesn’t add their own interpretation. (they are demonstrating that they are listening to you but saying back to you what they said in their own words. No interpretation can be present.)

Question 43

What is motivational Interviewing?

Answer 43

a style of therapy whereby the therapist that attempts to clarify reasons that the client may want to or may not want to change their behaviour, but never directly suggest reasons to them. Ask questions like why do you feel that way? Why do you want to do that? etc.

Question 44

What is the effectiveness of person-centred therapy.

Answer 44

While PCT has been decreasing in popularity, its impact on the field has been immense, especially in counselling psychology. Evidence for effectiveness: ­Self-Esteem and Openness to Experience: PCT increases the patient’s self-esteem and openness, which can especially help in cases of depression and anxiety. ­Long-Term: the effects are very long-lasting for people for whom it works. ­For high-functioning patients.

Question 45

Who are providers who are licensed to offer psychological therapies?

Answer 45

- psychiatrists - psychiatric nurses - marriage - family and child counsellors - school and vocational counsellors - mental health counsellors - clinical social workers

Question 46

what are the duties and settings of a clinical psychologist?

Answer 46

duties: assessments and psychological treatment setting: Private practice, medical centres, agencies, clinics

Question 47

what are the duties and settings of a Marriage , family, and child counsellor?

Answer 47

duties: psychological treatment, with a focus on couples, families, and children Setting: Private practice, clinics

Question 48

what are the duties and settings of a school psychologist and vocational counselor?

Answer 48

duties: assessment and counselling, with a focus on vocation and adjustment Setting: schools

Question 49

what are the duties and settings of a mental health counsellor?

Answer 49

duties: assessment and counselling setting: private practice, medical centres, agencies, clinics

Question 50

what are the duties and settings of a clinical social worker?

Answer 50

duties: psychological treatment and assistance with housing, health care, and treatment.

Question 51

what are the duties and settings of a psychiatrist?

Answer 51

duties: Assessment and psychological and biological treatment settings: Private practice, medical centers, clinics

Question 52

what are the duties and settings of a general medical practitioner?

Answer 52

duties: Assessment and biological treatment settings: Private practice, medical centres, clinics

Question 53

what are the duties and settings of a neurologist?

Answer 53

duties: Assessment and treatment, with a focus on the brain and nervous system setting: private practice, medical centres, clinics

Question 54

what are the duties and settings of a psychiatric nurse?

Answer 54

duties: Assessment and psychological and biological treatment setting: medical centres, clinics

Question 55

Can 'therapists' practice without a license?

Answer 55

therapists and counsellors can offer psychological therapies without a license

Question 56

are years of experience good predictors of success and talent?

Answer 56

not particularly

Question 57

what are the 5 sets of ethical principles that psychologists adhere to?

Answer 57

1. striving to benefit the people they work with 2. establishing relationships that are based on trust 3. showing integrity by being accurate, honest, and truthful 4. being vigilant about potential biases 5. showing respect for the dignity and worth of all people.

Question 58

what are the 5 sets of ethical principles that psychologists adhere to?

Answer 58

1. striving to benefit the people they work with 2. establishing relationships that are based on trust 3. showing integrity by being accurate, honest, and truthful 4. being vigilant about potential biases 5. showing respect for the dignity and worth of all people.

Question 59

What is a debate regarding biological therapies?

Answer 59

should psychologists be able to prescribe medication?

Question 60

What is a key determinant of the success of any intervention for a psychological disorder? Why is it so important?

Answer 60

- the rapport a client feels with the healthcare provider (whether the client respects and trusts the provider and feels comfortable in therapy) - Without rapport a client is unlikely to be fully engaged in treatment and will not show up for sessions, do assigned homework, or prescribed medications.

Question 61

What have researchers and clinicians become aware of the importance of?

Answer 61

culturally appropriate therapists, and culturally competent therapists.

Question 62

What is cultural competence? what does it help with? Examples of what helps?

Answer 62

an understanding of how patients cultural backgrounds shape their beliefs, values, and expectations for therapy. - helps with diagnosis and treatment - interventions delivered in native language that are culturally adapted outperform others.

Question 63

does a therapist need to be the same ethnicity as their client?

Answer 63

No they just have to be culturally sensitive

Question 64

What is a different reason why cultural differences may be useful to acknowledge in psychology? Ex?

Answer 64

Western world could learn something from other cultures about treatment of psych disorders. - People treated for schizophrenia in India show better recovery.

Question 65

What is cognitive behavioural therapy? is it common?

Answer 65

a hybrid form of psychotherapy focused on changing the patient's habitual interpretations of the world and ways of behaving; it combines cognitive and behavioural approaches to therapy. - more common than either therapy on its own.

Question 66

what are cognitive behavioural therapists usually focused on? Are sessions structures? Are therapists transparent about treatment goals?

Answer 66

the present. They are concerned with identifying and problem solving that their clients wish to address - sessions are typically highly structured, and clients are often expected to do homework between sessions. - therapists are transparent about treatment goals

Question 67

What are third wave therapies?

Answer 67

the last generation of cognitive-behavioural therapies, including acceptance and commitment therapy as well as mindfulness-based stress reduction.

Question 68

How are third wave therapies related to first and second wave therapies?

Answer 68

retain the behavioural and cognitive therapists goal of addressing unhelpful patterns of thinking, feeling and behaviour. However, they do not attempt to directly modify these things directly but instead modify the hold that our thoughts have on us, allowing us to achieve valued goals.

Question 69

What type of therapy is acceptance and commitment therapy? what is it?

Answer 69

- third wave. - aims to decrease psychological rigidity and increase psychological flexibility by helping to achieve a greater awareness and acceptance of thoughts and feelings.

Question 70

What type of therapy is mindfulness based stress-reduction? what is it? What has its use been expanded to? What does it teach people to do?

Answer 70

draws on eastern meditative practices, was initially used to help people manage chronic pain. - a wide range of conditions including anxiety and mood disorders. - teaches people to be fully present in the moment and to observe their thoughts and feelings and sensations non-judgmentally. Might encourage clients to view negative thoughts and feelings as clouds passing in the sky or as bubbles floating by in a stream.

Question 71

what format do psychological therapies use?

Answer 71

one-on-one

Question 72

What has led to an interest in nontraditional therapy formats?

Answer 72

growing interest in focusing on couple and family level issues, the high cost of one on one, a lack of therapists outside of urban areas, and a desire for privacy and convenience.

Question 73

What is first, second, and third wave intervention-based therapies?

Answer 73

First wave: Behavioural therapy: attempts to replace automatic maladaptive behaviours with adaptive ones. Second wave: cognitive therapy: attempts to replace automatic maladaptive thoughts (cognitive distortions) with adaptive ones. First and second are combined together to create CBT Third wave: Acceptance Based: Focus on flexibility acceptance of thoughts and patient/client values.

Question 74

What is CBT? What is it used for? Type, mechanisms, effectiveness?

Answer 74

teaches skills to change maladaptive automatic behaviours and cognitive distortions and replace them with more positive ones. (the most effective therapy) ­Type: intervention-based psychotherapy. ­ Mechanism: change automatic thoughts and behaviours that are causing disorder or aggravating symptoms. ­ Effectiveness: when combined with medication, the most effective type of psychotherapy for most disorders. ­ Used for: almost everything.

Question 75

What are CBT's unique features?

Answer 75

1. Strongly informed by empirical work in psychology on howl earning, memory, and thinking function. 2. Client is taught about basic principles of psychology and behavioural change (psycho education). 3.Time is spent on teaching skills ,not trying to understand how the behaviours and thoughts came to be. 4. Client spends time doing homework to practice skills outside therapy. 5. Focused and short-term (usually no longer than 12 sessions over 3-6 months).

Question 76

What is classic conditioning? What is an example?

Answer 76

automatic association of a stimulus with a reaction by simply pairing them in time repeatedly; when used as treatment, we are teaching client to associate stimulus with either positive or negative emotions automatically. Antabuse: a medication that inhibits your body’s ability to break down alcohol and therefore makes you instantly nauseous.

Question 77

What is operant conditioning? examples? (2 ex)

Answer 77

association of stimulus with outcome through reward and punishment; in treatment, we might choose a positive behaviour and reward the client whenever they do it, increasing their motivation for it. Examples: Token Economy: a technique whereby patients are given “tokens” (e.g., money) for desired behaviour that can be exchanged for rewards. ­Monetary punishment: asking the client to set aside a pool of money that the therapist can withhold whenever they engage in a undesirable behaviour.

Question 78

what is exposure?

Answer 78

confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in emotional response. Modern approaches frequently utilize a mix of virtual and in vivo exposure.

Question 79

What is response prevention?

Answer 79

an approach whereby the maladaptive coping strategy is not allowed by the experimenter to show the participant that nothing bad will happen if they resist the automatic behaviour. These are often combined in therapy: therapist exposes, then prevents response.

Question 80

What is cognitive restructuring? Example?

Answer 80

a broad range of techniques used to challenge, clarify, and remove automatic negative thoughts and beliefs. Socratic Questioning: the client is asked questions like: ­ To clarify thoughts (e.g., “Why do you say that?”). ­ To give evidence for a claim (e.g., “What supports that?”). ­ To predict consequences (e.g., “How does this affect that?”). ­ To question the question (e.g., “Why was that question important?”).

Question 81

What is cognitive restructuring? Example?

Answer 81

a broad range of techniques used to challenge, clarify, and remove automatic negative thoughts and beliefs. Socratic Questioning: the client is asked questions like: ­ To clarify thoughts (e.g., “Why do you say that?”). ­ To give evidence for a claim (e.g., “What supports that?”). ­ To predict consequences (e.g., “How does this affect that?”). ­ To question the question (e.g., “Why was that question important?”).

Question 82

What are thought journals?

Answer 82

client records thoughts and associations outside of therapy as homework, and is taught to question the distorted ones.

Question 83

What are thought journals?

Answer 83

client records thoughts and associations outside of therapy as homework, and is taught to question the distorted ones.

Question 84

What is CBT's effectiveness?

Answer 84

By far the most well-researched and most used modern psychotherapy, with over 1000 studies published on its efficacy and effectiveness.

Question 85

What is Dialectical Behavioural therapy? What is it used for? type, mechanism, effectiveness?

Answer 85

focuses on teaching emotional regulation skills, accepting one’s thoughts and not identifying with them, and building self-compassion and understanding through mindfulness meditation. ­Type: intervention-based psychotherapy ­Mechanism: teach client that their thoughts and emotions do not define them, and that they can be controlled. ­Effectiveness: excellent for BPD, suicidal ideation, PTSD, depression, and eating disorders. ­Used for: BPD, self-harm and suicide, PTSD, depression, eating disorders.

Question 86

What are the Unique features of DBT? (3)

Answer 86

DBT techniques are more hands-on training than other forms of therapy: ­ Frequent Meetings: to reinforce skills, early DBT sessions occur around twice a week, and the course of therapy is up to 12 months. ­Group/Class Setting: frequently administered in group settings; clients usually do this for 2h/week. ­ In-Vivo Coaching: the therapist is often available by phone or online to give live in- the-moment coaching as emergencies arise. Clients usually do this for 1h/week.

Question 87

What is mindfulness meditation?

Answer 87

Mindfulness meditation: to help the client recognize that their emotions and thoughts often come up without control, and to teach them to not attempt to control them but to accept them instead (unlike many forms of CBT).

Question 88

What is distress tolerance?

Answer 88

Distress tolerance: learning to accept distress and not adopt maladaptive coping strategies.

Question 89

What is interpersonal effectiveness?

Answer 89

Interpersonal effectiveness: learning when and how to ask for help while maintaining good relationships with others.

Question 90

What is emotional regulation?

Answer 90

Emotional regulation: learn to better manage emotions of all types so they do not lead to automatic negative behaviours and thoughts.

Question 91

What are the 4 techniques of DBT?

Answer 91

mindfulness meditation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, emotional regulation

Question 92

What is the effectiveness of DBT?

Answer 92

DBT is considered the best-available (and frequently only) treatment available for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). DBT has a small but significant effect in reducing non-suicidal self harm behaviours. Evidence for other disorders is more limited, but emerging, and DBT- inspired group-therapy is becoming a popular model for clinical disorders where emotional distress is the most severe symptom.

Question 93

What is the effectiveness of DBT?

Answer 93

DBT is considered the best-available (and frequently only) treatment available for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). DBT has a small but significant effect in reducing non-suicidal self harm behaviours. Evidence for other disorders is more limited, but emerging, and DBT- inspired group-therapy is becoming a popular model for clinical disorders where emotional distress is the most severe symptom.

Question 94

what are 2 major alternatives to one on one therapy?

Answer 94

couples therapy and family therapy.

Question 95

When are people with Bipolar disorder less likely to relapse?

Answer 95

if their treatment plan includes family-level interventions as well as medication

Question 96

What is the advantage of group therapy over one on one?

Answer 96

- more clients can be accomodated by a limited number of therapists - allows therapist to observe and work with problems that emerge more readily in group settings such as social anxiety or difficulty with assertiveness

Question 97

What is the number ratio for group therapy?

Answer 97

typically involves 1 or 2 therapists working with 8-10 clients in weekly meetings that last 2 to 2.5 hours.

Question 98

how are group members selected in group therapy?

Answer 98

because they have the same disorder, shared concerns,

Question 99

how are group members selected in group therapy?

Answer 99

because they have the same disorder, shared concerns,

Question 100

what type of therapeutic group does not have a therapist? Example?

Answer 100

in self-help and support groups. - Ex: alcoholics anonymous

Question 101

What is telehealth?

Answer 101

the use of telephone, videoconferencing, internet, and streaming media technologies to support health care at a distance.

Question 102

What is cyber-therapy or web-based therapy?

Answer 102

a non-traditional form of therapy in which the therapy is conducted over the internet.

Question 103

What are the downsides of cybertherapy?

Answer 103

difficult to evaluate credentials, may be more difficult for therapist to understand real difficulties in the absence of real-time display of non-verbal behaviours.

Question 104

What are psychoactive medications often helpful for?

Answer 104

highly effective in reducing symptoms for people with a wide range of psychological disorders

Question 105

do drugs cure psychological disorders?

Answer 105

no. they help to control it.

Question 106

do drugs cure psychological disorders?

Answer 106

no. they help to control it.

Question 107

how do people decide which medication to take?

Answer 107

guess work. it is also difficult to get the doses right. African Americans metabolize antidepressants slower than white people.

Question 108

What are some side effects of psych drugs? Do the side effects disappear when you stop taking the medication?

Answer 108

sexual problems, weight gain, emotional blunting, and even increased levels of suicidality - most side effects end after discontinuing use, however, this is not always the case. Ex: tardive dyskenisia, can persist even after patient stops taking medication.

Question 109

can side effects cause people to stop taking their medication?

Answer 109

yes.

Question 110

What is a general concern about psychoactive drugs?

Answer 110

that they are overprescribed, particularly because we know less about the effects in children. also concerned they are overused in the elderly particularly because these drugs may metabolize different in older vs younger individuals.

Question 111

does research point to the fact that psychological disorders are just chemical imbalances?

Answer 111

no. It is much more complicated.

Question 112

What is psychosurgery?

Answer 112

brain surgery performed to alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders that cannot be alleviated using psychotherapy, medications, and other standard treatments; the surgery removes sections of the brain or disconnects them from each other.

Question 113

What is one early example of a lobotomy?

Answer 113

a type of psychosurgery in which the neurosurgeon severs some or all connections between subcortical brain structures such as the thalamus and the frontal lobes.

Question 114

what are side effects of lobotomies?

Answer 114

disruption of many higher cognitive functions such as memory and the ability to plan and self-regulate

Question 115

do neurosurgeons still manipulate the nervous system?

Answer 115

by creating precise lesions in specific brain areas/

Question 116

Is psycho surgery still used?

Answer 116

only in the most extreme of cases.

Question 117

What is ECT?

Answer 117

electroconvulsive therapy is a biological treatment most used for cases of severe depression, in which a brief electric current is passed through the brain to produce a convulsive seizure.

Question 118

Is ECT still a tool used today for managing depression? Is this its originally intended use?

Answer 118

yes. no it was originally meant for schizophrenia but it did not work well.

Question 119

Do patients feel pain from ECT?

Answer 119

not really. patients are given short-acting anesthetics that render them temporarily unconscious, and muscle relaxants to reduce the manifestations of the seizure to a few slight twitches, physical injuries are now rare

Question 120

Do patients feel pain from ECT?

Answer 120

not really. patients are given short-acting anesthetics that render them temporarily unconscious, and muscle relaxants to reduce the manifestations of the seizure to a few slight twitches, physical injuries are now rare

Question 121

How does modern ECT reduce memory impairment?

Answer 121

it is only adminisrtered to one side of the brain.

Question 122

How does modern ECT reduce memory impairment?

Answer 122

it is only adminisrtered to one side of the brain.

Question 123

When would we use ECT today?

Answer 123

when medication hasn't worked or when there is a serious chance of suicide. In these cases it is the most effective treatment.

Question 124

Does ECT work faster than antidepressants?

Answer 124

yes.

Question 125

Other than depression, what is ECT useful for?

Answer 125

treating acute mania, and various psychotic states associated with drug addiction.

Question 126

What is the vagal nerve simulation? Who is allowed to use it?

Answer 126

an emerging biological treatment for depression that involves electrically stimulating the vagus nerve (which plays a role in the parasympathetic nervous systme response) with. small battery powered implant. This is thought to facilitate mood reguation. patients are approved for this if they have failed to respond to 4 or more medications.

Question 126

What is the vagal nerve simulation? Who is allowed to use it?

Answer 126

an emerging biological treatment for depression that involves electrically stimulating the vagus nerve (which plays a role in the parasympathetic nervous systme response) with. small battery powered implant. This is thought to facilitate mood reguation. patients are approved for this if they have failed to respond to 4 or more medications.

Question 127

What is deep brain stimulation?

Answer 127

an merging biological treatment for depression and obsessive compulsive disorders that involves stimulating specific parts of the brain with implanted electrodes.

Question 128

What is deep brain stimulation founded on?

Answer 128

the finding that severe forms of psychopathology are often associated with abnormalities in the activation levels of certain brain systems.

Question 129

What have been the findings of deep brain stimulation?

Answer 129

effective in treating treatment resistant patients.

Question 130

What have been the findings of deep brain stimulation?

Answer 130

effective in treating treatment resistant patients.

Question 131

What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation? how long? any side effects?

Answer 131

an emerging biological treatment for depression that involves applying rapid pulses of magnetic stimualtion to the brain from a coil held near the scalp. takes about half an hour no cognitive side effects. doesn't require anesthetic.

Question 132

What is eclecticism? What is the mix and match approach?

Answer 132

a deliberate weaving together of different traditions or approaches - mix and match: therapist draws on many different techniques when working with a particular client. allows flexibility to customize treatment to patients needs.

Question 133

is the mix and match method empirically supported?

Answer 133

technically no.

Question 134

is the mix and match method empirically supported?

Answer 134

technically no.

Question 135

What is dialectical behaviour therapy?

Answer 135

an eclectic therapy for treating borderline personality disorder.

Question 136

What is dialectical behaviour therapy?

Answer 136

an eclectic therapy for treating borderline personality disorder.

Question 137

what is the matched treatment approach?

Answer 137

the therapist carefully assesses a client and then selects the best therapy or combination of therapies for that person’s presenting complaint. This is empirically supported