Treaties

Question 1

When was Treaty 1 signed and where?

Answer 1

Treaty #1 in 1871, is signed at Upper Fort Garry. This treaty covers much of southern Manitoba.

Question 2

When was Treaty 5 signed and where?

Answer 2

Treaty #5 is signed in 1875 at Norway House. The treaty, and its 1908 adhesion, cover approximately the northern two thirds of Manitoba.

Question 3

What are the narratives Pre-Confederation Treaties

TPFNC

Answer 3

Narratives: Trade > Peace > Friendship > Nation-to-Nation > Cession

Question 4

Who is the Iron Alliance between? (NNA)

Answer 4

between Nehiyaw, Nakota, Anishinaabe

Question 5

What is Blackfoot Confederacy? (feet on ground)

Answer 5

focused on protecting resources and territory.

Question 6

What is the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?

Answer 6

a council of nations.

Question 7

What is the Buffalo Treaty?

Answer 7

A contemporary treaty on resource management

Question 8

What is a Treaty?

Answer 8

a treaty is a promise or agreement between nation to nation acknowleging the rights of both parties involved.

Question 9

Who is the Great Peace or Treaty of Albany between, when was it signed?

Answer 9

1701, Between France and Haudenosaunee allies.

Question 10

What are the Peace and Friendship Treaties, and when did they take place?

Answer 10

(1725 to 1779) encourage partnership, and trade.

Question 11

What is the Royal Proclamation, and when was it created?

Answer 11

1763

◦ Recognized nation-to-nation and Indigenous title ◦ But also paved way for land cession treaties

Question 12

What are the Robinson Treaties?

Answer 12

1850
◦ Robinson-Huronand 
Robinson-Superior 
- ceded land rights 
◦ Developed concept of reserves

Question 13

When were the Post-Confederation Treaties?

Answer 13

Numbered Treaties 1-11 (1871- 1921) Robinson Treaties used as template.

Question 14

What were the Promises of Treaties?

Answer 14

◦ universal access to education,
◦ Treaty 6 had medicine chest clause, 
◦ Fishing, Hunting and Trapping,
◦ Establishment of reserves,
◦ Social assistance in time of famine, 
◦ No guidelines on mineral rights,
- Depth of a plough
- treaty allowances (money)

Question 15

When was the Indian Act passed?

Answer 15

1876

Question 16

When was the Department of Indian Affairs established?

Answer 16

1880

Question 17

What is the Canadian’s purpose for #’d treaties?

Answer 17

Extend sovereignty claim
Avoid fighting Indians like US government.
Canada gained control of Northwest Territories ◦ 1869 HBC sold Rupert’s Land to Canada.
◦ Indigenous people did not agree and like this sale.
◦ Indian and Métis resistance leads to creation of Manitoba 1870.
First Treaties Similar to Robinson Treaties.
Indigenous delegations wanted more than Robinson Treaties. Decimation of Indigenous way of life.
Spirit and Intent to help transition to new way of life. Recognition by Indigenous that co-existence is possible.

Question 18

What is the Indigenous’ Purpose for Treaties?

Answer 18

Indigenous delegations wanted more than Robinson Treaties.
Decimation of Indigenous way of life.
Spirit and Intent to help transition to new way of life.
Recognition by Indigenous that co- existence is possible.
Recognized settler encroachment on their land.


Question 19

Indigenous Perspective of # Treaties

Answer 19

• treaty valid as long as sun shines and waters flow
  The Queen never negotiated treaty only representatives.
  Ceremony to conclude treaties.
• treaty not with Canada, with Britain
• indigenous women not included in # treaty making
  Indigenous people did not cede title. Depth of a plough.

Question 20

What are the two treaty periods?

Answer 20

1871-1877

1899-1921

Question 21

When was the first treaty period, and what was the outcome?

Answer 21

1871-1877
◦ Focused on settlement of south.
◦ Opening access to railroad.
◦ Solidifying Canada’s border claim.

Question 22

When was the second treaty period, and what was the outcome?

Answer 22

1899-1921
◦ Facilitate access to resources in North
◦ Secured title for half of Canada’s Land Mass ◦ Connected Canada to BC
◦ Open west for settlement

Question 23

Why did treaty negotiations stop and when?

Answer 23

Government felt they had acquired all the land following transfer of land to provinces in 1930.

Question 24

What 2 modern treaties were made?

Answer 24

1975 James Bay Agreement

1973 Calder Case

Question 25

What were the results of modern treaty making?

Answer 25

• specific deals with issues related to indian act or treaties
• often referred to as self government

Question 26

What is Canada’s self-government related to?

Answer 26

• The Accord (1992) promise to “the inherent right of self-government”.
• “an existing Aboriginal right under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.”
• negotiations among government and Aboriginal people

Question 27

What is the importance of the Treaties?

Answer 27

◦ Recognize importance of the land
◦ Expand conception of land. Ohcinewin, law on the land.
◦ Recognize Indigenous Political Traditions
◦ Establish Indigenous title.
◦ Establish a Nation-to-Nation relationship (co-existence).
◦ Establish an ongoing relationship.
- Treaty Rights protected in section 35 of Canadian Constitution.

Question 28

What is a promise in only Treaty 6, and when was the treaty signed?

Answer 28

Medicine Chest, 1876