Treaties Flashcards
When was Treaty 1 signed and where?
Treaty #1 in 1871, is signed at Upper Fort Garry. This treaty covers much of southern Manitoba.
When was Treaty 5 signed and where?
Treaty #5 is signed in 1875 at Norway House. The treaty, and its 1908 adhesion, cover approximately the northern two thirds of Manitoba.
What are the narratives Pre-Confederation Treaties
TPFNC
Narratives: Trade > Peace > Friendship > Nation-to-Nation > Cession
Who is the Iron Alliance between? (NNA)
between Nehiyaw, Nakota, Anishinaabe
What is Blackfoot Confederacy? (feet on ground)
focused on protecting resources and territory.
What is the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
a council of nations.
What is the Buffalo Treaty?
A contemporary treaty on resource management
What is a Treaty?
a treaty is a promise or agreement between nation to nation acknowleging the rights of both parties involved.
Who is the Great Peace or Treaty of Albany between, when was it signed?
1701, Between France and Haudenosaunee allies.
What are the Peace and Friendship Treaties, and when did they take place?
(1725 to 1779) encourage partnership, and trade.
What is the Royal Proclamation, and when was it created?
1763
◦ Recognized nation-to-nation and Indigenous title ◦ But also paved way for land cession treaties
What are the Robinson Treaties?
1850 ◦ Robinson-Huronand Robinson-Superior - ceded land rights ◦ Developed concept of reserves
When were the Post-Confederation Treaties?
Numbered Treaties 1-11 (1871- 1921) Robinson Treaties used as template.
What were the Promises of Treaties?
◦ universal access to education, ◦ Treaty 6 had medicine chest clause, ◦ Fishing, Hunting and Trapping, ◦ Establishment of reserves, ◦ Social assistance in time of famine, ◦ No guidelines on mineral rights, - Depth of a plough - treaty allowances (money)
When was the Indian Act passed?
1876
When was the Department of Indian Affairs established?
1880
What is the Canadian’s purpose for #’d treaties?
Extend sovereignty claim
Avoid fighting Indians like US government.
Canada gained control of Northwest Territories ◦ 1869 HBC sold Rupert’s Land to Canada.
◦ Indigenous people did not agree and like this sale.
◦ Indian and Métis resistance leads to creation of Manitoba 1870.
First Treaties Similar to Robinson Treaties.
Indigenous delegations wanted more than Robinson Treaties. Decimation of Indigenous way of life.
Spirit and Intent to help transition to new way of life. Recognition by Indigenous that co-existence is possible.
What is the Indigenous’ Purpose for Treaties?
Indigenous delegations wanted more than Robinson Treaties.
Decimation of Indigenous way of life.
Spirit and Intent to help transition to new way of life.
Recognition by Indigenous that co- existence is possible.
Recognized settler encroachment on their land.

Indigenous Perspective of # Treaties
- treaty valid as long as sun shines and waters flow
The Queen never negotiated treaty only representatives.
Ceremony to conclude treaties. - treaty not with Canada, with Britain
- indigenous women not included in # treaty making
Indigenous people did not cede title. Depth of a plough.
What are the two treaty periods?
1871-1877
1899-1921
When was the first treaty period, and what was the outcome?
1871-1877
◦ Focused on settlement of south.
◦ Opening access to railroad.
◦ Solidifying Canada’s border claim.
When was the second treaty period, and what was the outcome?
1899-1921
◦ Facilitate access to resources in North
◦ Secured title for half of Canada’s Land Mass ◦ Connected Canada to BC
◦ Open west for settlement
Why did treaty negotiations stop and when?
Government felt they had acquired all the land following transfer of land to provinces in 1930.
What 2 modern treaties were made?
1975 James Bay Agreement
1973 Calder Case
