Treaties Flashcards
ToV was unfair
WAR GUILT - Germany was not solely responsible, blame should have been shared
REPARATIONS - Germany was expected to pay reparations even though their economy was severely weakened, reparations impacted people, the govt responsible was demolished
TERRITORIES - While Germany lost its empire, BR and FR ware expanding
NON-REPRESENTATION - German government not represented in peace talks, Germany was forced to accept the harsh treaty
DISARMAMENT - Too small of an army, unable to defend themselves (Ruhr), none of the other countries disarmed
ToV was fair
- BL
- 34% Russian population and 50% industry
- Lost only 10% land and 16% industry
- Reparations important for countries such as France to rebuild economy
- Germany lost less compared to soviets
- 2/3 of French army was killed or injured
- Military terms were essential to prevent future war capability to take revenge
- Rhineland démilitarisation for safety of France
Leaders Satisfaction
Paris Peace Conference
1919-1920 (12 months)
Palace of Versailles, short distance from Paris
32 nations, no one from he defeated countries invited
5 treaties dealing with Germany and allies
All important decisions taken by big 3
Georges Clemenceau
Public pressure for a harsh treaty
Cripple Germany so it could not attack again
Severe damage to land, people, industry and self-confidence
Punish and weaken Germany
2/3 of men who served in the war were dead/injured
Massive death toll (1.4 million military and 40,000 civilian)
Economy shrunk by 25%
Agriculture destroyed by gas and shelling
Future security concerns, 2nd invasion in recent past
David Lloyd George
Agreed with Wilson in public (Lasting peace)
Disagreed on the means of achieving it
Weaken Germany to remove threat to British empire
Not too harsh: Fear of communism, resume trade
Wanted Germany to lose it colonies as they were threat to the British Empire
Public pressure for a harsh treaty (casualties, hardships, shortages, propaganda, BL)
Promised to make Germany pay, had to balance pressures
Large death toll (800,000 Military and 17000 civilian)
Massive spending on war, $4Billion loan from the US
Security of the empire
Losses to navy
Woodrow Wilson
High hopes for peace
Don’t be too harsh on Germany (Revenge, extremist groups, war)
Strengthen democracy in defeated countries (Democracy was the key to peace in Europe, spread US influence)
Self determination to countries that had been part of European empires
International cooperation through the LoN
14 points
Limited death toll (120,000 military and 700 civilian)
No economic losses
Lack of public anger or interest
Wilsons deep religious convictions and belief in his personal duty to humanity
ToV 1918
WAR GUILT - Accept blame for starting the war
REPARATIONS - Germany to pay a sum of 6,600 million pounds
TERRITORIES/COLONIES -
Anschluss forbidden
Alsace-Loriane returned to FR
Rhineland Demilitarised
Saarland run by league, plebiscite in 15 yrs
land to Poland, Lithuania and Denmark
Overseas empire taken away, made LoN mandates
ARMED FORCES -
Limited to 100,000 soldiers
Conscription Banned
No tanks, submarines, aircraft or armoured vehicles
Only 6 battleships
LON - Set up Germany not invited
Disagreements
Clemenceau and Wilson:
Disagreements over Rhineland and coal in Saar
harsh treatment vs Generous attitude
Clemenceau and Lloyd George:
Harsh treatment vs. not harsh
Wilson and Lloyd George:
BR did not want nations to access seas
Self determination interfered with the BR empire
Clemenceau bullied Lloyd George into agreeing to a harsh treaty
The leaders aims were different, they could not have all got what they wanted
Public opinion in their countries affected leaders discussions
Concequences
POLITICAL VIOLENCE:
- Right wing opponents of exerts government attempted a revolution in 1920 due to the ToV (Kapp Putsch)
- Kapp Putsch defeated, violence remained, political assassinations
- Munich Putsch in November 1923, led by Hitler, failed
- Spread resentment and hatred for the ToV
HYPERINFLATION
- Govt solved the problem of lack of money by printing more money -> hyperinflation
- Money became worthless, price of goods shot up
- People unable to afford goods
- Recovered, however, conflict contributed to hat against the ToV
Problems blamed on the ToV, led to resentment was exploited by extremist groups for power and influence
Other Treaties
AUSTRIA - ST GERMAIN - 1919
Bohemia to CZ
B-Hz, Croatia to new country of Yugoslavia
Army restricted to 30,000
Anschluss Fortbilden
BULGARIA - NEUILLY - 1919
100 million pounds reparations
lost lands to Greece, Romania and Czechoslovakia
HUNGARY - TRIANON - 1920
SEVRES - 1920
LAUSSANNE - 1923
Germany losses ToV
10% European land
All overseas colonies
12.5 percent population
16% coalfields
Almost half of its iron and steel industry
