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Russia Flashcards

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1
Q

Causes of the 1905 Revolution

A

Bloody Sunday
Russo Japanese War
Wiltes economic Policy
Inherent Weakness

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2
Q

Bloody Sunday

A
  • 22 Jan 1905
  • Peaceful March to the Tsars Winter Palace for a petition urging eight hour working day, minimum wage and better treatment
  • Soldiers opened fire on the marchers, killed 130
  • As a result, strikes broke out in St Petersburg
  • Bloody Sunday destroyed the trust and bond between Tsar and people and destroyed image of the Tsar
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3
Q

Russo Japanese war

A
  • 1904-15
  • Defeats on land and sea shocked Russian Public
  • In Jan 1905, Russia lost at port Aurthur
  • War caused shortages of food and fuel, high prices and unemployment
  • Upsurge of discontent as Tsarist goct seen as incompetent
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4
Q

Wiltes Economic Policy

A
  • Under wilted industrialisation policy, urban workers and peasants squeezed by high taxes and low wages
  • Economic slump after 1900 led to high unemployment and social tension
  • Poor harvests in 1900 and 1902 led to starvation and violence in countryside
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5
Q

Inherent Weakness of Tsar

A
  • Revolutionaries wanted a revolution
  • Presence of national minorities, peasants and workers who wanted a better economic output, representation and treatment
  • Weak ineffective Tsar
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6
Q

Why was the Tsar able to survive the 1905 revolution

A

Loyalty of Army
Opposition not co-ordinated
Split between liberals and socialists
Middle class fear of violence
Government suppression of opposition
Securing vital loans

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7
Q

Loyalty of Army

A
  • Army received pay and changes to condition of service
  • Became loyal to the tsar and helped din putting down the revolution in cities, revolts in the countryside
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8
Q

opposition not coordinated, lack of unity

A
  • Different groups such as peasants, workers and middle class did not combine to provide a coordinated and effective opposition
  • Had different aims and purposes and did not act together
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9
Q

Why did the Tsar survive 1905: Split between socialists and liberals

A
  • Liberals wanted political reform and movement towards a constitutional democracy
  • Socialists wanted a social revolution, equality
  • Liberals felt like they had got what they wanted from the October manifesto
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10
Q

Middle Class fear of violence

A
  • The middle class feared the continuation of violence and disorder
  • They wanted the revolution to stop and wanted a return of control and authority
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11
Q

Government suppression of opposition - After 1905

A
  • Govt used brutal, suppressive force to beat the population into submission
  • Helped re establish govt control but fuelled the next revolution
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12
Q

urns vital loans

A
  • By end of 1905, govt was in deep financial trouble, lost war and falling tax revenues drove the govt to the brink of financial collapse
  • Was able to secure important loans in April 1906 which helped stabilise the economy
  • Helped pay for troops who were needed to put down the uprising s and restore order
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13
Q

Why did the autocracy survive the 1905 revolution

A

1) POLITICAL COHESIONS -
October manifesto, political parties allowed, Share power (Duma)

2) SOCIAL IMPACT -
Middle class gain political voice, conditions do not improve for working class
Freedom of speech and relaxed censorship

3) MILITARY POWER -
Troops return from Russo-japanese war in 1906, allow use of army for repression
Retains military support

4) New Chief minister Stolypin

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14
Q

Did life get better for Russian People (1906-1914)

A

1) Stolypins Policies
2) Dumas
3) Wittes work
4) Political parties

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15
Q

Stolypins policies

A
  • Repression: Courts and hangings
  • Industrial reforms: Continued growth, increased employment but low protection
  • Agricultural reforms: loans, tough conditions, only 15% qualified
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16
Q

Dumas

A

1st: Large number of socialists, dissolved by the Tsar
2nd: Similar to first duma, similar demands, dissolved
3rd: Change in election rules, more conservative
4th: Did not achieve much

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17
Q

Wittes work

A
  • Economic minister
  • Responsible for foreign credibility, leading to investment
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18
Q

Did life get better for the Russian People 1906-14 (NO)

A

AGRICULTURAL REFORMS:
- Only 15% of the peasant population qualified for loans
- Poorer peasants forced to sell land and move to the city

INDUSTRIAL REFORMS:
- Working conditions for the workers did not improve
- Workers employed were mostly children

STOLYPINS POLICIES:
- Increased repression
- Court hangings to suppress peasant uprising
- Stolypins necktie

DUMAS:
- Dumas were dissolved and made increasingly conservative
- Did not benefit socialists

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19
Q

Did life get better for the Russian people 1906-1914 (YES)

A

AGRICULTURAL REFORMS:
- Peasants allowed to consolidate strips of land
- Benefited the rich peasants, kulaks

INDUSTRIAL REFORMS:
- Employment and industrial output increased

DUMAS:
- Satisfied upper middle class

WITTES ECONOMIC WORK:
- Brought foreign investment for industry

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20
Q

Political parties

A

Socialist democrats:
- Revolutionaries
- Working class would drive revolution
- Split in 1903: Bolsheviks (Rapid revolution led by a small group) and Mensheviks (Mass movement)

Liberals:
- Constitutional, democratic, middle class
- Non-violent

Socialist revolutionaries
- Supported by peasants
- Land reforms for peasants
- Overthrow Tsar
- Violent

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21
Q

Overall public oppinion

A
  • Mixed public oppinion for nobility, rich peasants and middle class: Loss faith in autocracy and tsars comparison to god
  • Lower class peasants and working class against tsar, conditions did not improve, duma did not satisfy demands enough
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22
Q

How did WW1 contribute to the Tsars downfall

A

POLITICAL:
- Tsars decision to leave tsarina uncharge drew criticism due to poor resource management and tsarinas German background
- Influence of Rasputin tainted autocracy reputation
- Tsarina continued to suppress Dumas, provoking political anger
- Poor handling of economy and military was criticised

MILITARY:
- Tsars decision to take over as commander in chief made him personally responsible for defeats
- Heavy defeats in 1914 and 1915 led to disillusionment and anger
- Loss of officers led to more peasants in uniform who lacked sense of nationalism and support for the Tsar
- Lack of morale made military unwilling to defend Tsar

SOCIO ECONOMIC:
- Railways were used to supply goods to frontline, leading to lack of resources in cities
- Loss of land led to less land for growing crops
- Less produce for peasants and workers as resources had to be supplied to soldiers at the front
- Less workforce for food production

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23
Q

Unified opposition 1917 revolution

A

Nobility - Losing war

Middle Class - Loss of power of Duma, Governing of Tsarina

Peasants - Tsar is not protectors psychological and physical impacts, lack of resources

Workers - Poorer working conditions, radicalised be extreme parties, lack of resources

Armed forces: Poor morale, no longer willing to defend Tsar, scared of deployment

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24
Q

Why were the bolsheviks successful in October/November 1917

A

Role of Lenin and propaganda
The war
Kornilov Coup
Failure of provisional government
Revolution led by Trotsky
Inherent weakness of PG

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25
Q

Role of Lenin and propoganda

A
  • Made a speech demanding that there should be no cooperation with PG, war should end, land should be given to peasants, soviets should take power
  • Bolsheviks developed slogans ‘bread, peace and land’ and ‘all power to the soviet’, effective propoganda
  • Lenin speeches, April theis
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26
Q

The war

A
  • Kerensky launched huge attack in June which was a disaster
  • Peasant soldiers wanted to take control of land, led to rise in desertation
  • Military failure sparks July days uprising were PG is forced to use force against people by sending troops
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27
Q

Kornilov Coup

A
  • General Kornilov, head of army decides to march into Petrograd with troops to set up own government
  • Kerensky asked bolsheviks for help and armed Red Army with rifles
  • Fighting did not occur as railway workers stopped them
  • Portrays kerenskys weakness of army not supporting him
  • Bolsheviks seen as saviours, rise to political stage
  • Gain weapons
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28
Q

Failure of PG

A
  • Lost support of workers as working conditions did not improve and food shortages continued
  • Loss of support of peasants as they were asked to wait for new election before seizing land
  • Lost support of army due to military failures and discontent from other policies
29
Q

Revolution led by trotsky

A
  • Trotsky led Red Gaurd to take key areas
  • no opposition by PG, Kerensky fled
30
Q

Inherent weakness of the PG

A
  • Scope of provisional govt limited as real power is held by the soviet
  • Temporary body which could not make binding, long term decisions
  • Division between socialists and liberals
31
Q

First few months of bolshevik rule
FEWWL

A

Food: Food obtained from peasants through use of force

Land: Land taken away from old landlords and given to peasants

Workers: Eight hour work day, 48 hour work week declared, Insurance for workers introduced, Class distinctions abolished, women and men equal

War: Trotsky negotiated with Germans, harsh treaty of BL signed

Elections: Elections promised by PG but constituent assembly shut down by Lenin after first meeting

32
Q

Censorship - Bolsheviks

A
  • Cheka arrested any opposition to bolsheviks
  • Censorship and control as Kadets and non-bolshevik newspapers were banned
  • Banks and church land taken over (Communism)
33
Q

Why did the reds with the Civil Was

A

Geographical divide of Whites
Political Divide of Whites
Trotskys Leadership
War communism
Propoganda

34
Q

Geographical divide of Whites

A
  • White fought as ‘armies’ rather than as a unified army, unable to plan or execute a coordinated military strike
  • Geographical spread made it harder to communicate and move weaponry/soldiers
  • Red army was well organised
35
Q

Political divide of Whited

A
  • Whites comprised of various groups with only one aim, to defeat the reds
  • Peasants and SRs fought to replace the Bolsheviks with own party
  • Nobles and former Tsarists fought for the return of Autocracy
  • Members of former PG fought for the establishment of democracy
  • Made it harder to agree on unified political strategy and gain support from minorities
36
Q

Trotskys leadership - Civil war

A
  • Ability to organise soldiers helped re establish discipline and professionalism within the army
  • White leadership led to high desertation rates
  • Tsars army bribed and overseen
37
Q

War communism
RILTCC

A
  • Food and grain requisitioned, given to workers and soldiers
  • Controlling central areas made it easier to conscript men and access industrial resources, enabled tight control over industry and resources
  • Red terror, increasing intensity of cheka operations
  • No capitalism, no (officially) private land
  • Ability to utilise rail infrastructure by shifting capital enabled coordinated resources
  • Land nationalised, industry is state owned
38
Q

Propoganda - Civil War

A
  • Whites were established as capitalists due to foreign aid
  • Red propoganda presented a society which appealed to the most populous sections of society: workers and soldiers
  • Propoganda and promise of and to peasants ensured support for reds was greater than support for whites
39
Q

How successful was the NEP (Successful)

A
  • Quantity of goods in market increased
  • Trade links with other countries resumed
  • Soviet economy boosted by free trade
  • By 1926, economy had reached pre war levels
  • Network of power stations established, energy output increased
  • Countryside recovered
40
Q

How successful was the NEP (Not Successful)

A
  • Communists angered by the return of capitalism
  • Outlines failure of communist ideas
  • Peasants found price for manifactured goods high, unwilling to sell their grain for money as they could not buy much of it
  • Continued use of backward farming methods
  • Unemployment does not decrease, associated with high crime rates
  • industry is not modern
  • Continued shortage on consumer goods due to communist control, low supply, high demand, lack of incentive, rise in corruption
  • Grain production flattens after a few years
41
Q

How did Stalin win the power struggle

A

Stalin’s organisation
Stalin’s Political Tactfulness
Stalins policies
Trotskys policies
Trotsky high minded approach

42
Q

Stalins Organisation

A
  • Held control over the party through positions in Politburo and General Secretary
  • Stalin was able to appoint own supporters to key positions, control membership
  • Could deliver votes in part congress
43
Q

Stalins Political tactfulness

A
  • Down to earth and tact political approach
  • Managed to trick Trotsky into missing Lennins funeral and used opportunity to portray himself as bearer of rennins foundation
  • Accused Trotsky of factionalism to get rid of him
  • Delibrately concealed Rennins testament
44
Q

Stalins Policies

A
  • POlicy of socialism in one country appealed to the nationalists and patriots. Based on principle of impatience over Trotsky’s idea of world communism
  • Maintained neutral stance on major policy debates such as NEP, switching to the victorious side at the end
  • Allowed Stalin to get rid of right wing opposition (Bukharain)
45
Q

Trotsky’s policies

A
  • Idea of word communism has no success
  • Ideas did not resonate with larger sections of party: workers and soldiers, led to lack of support
46
Q

Trotsky High minded approach

A
  • Reluctant to get involved in low-level politics
  • Did not view Stalin as a threat
47
Q

Why collectivisation

A

GRAIN PRODUCTION:
- Growing cities needed more grain to prevent unrest
- Excess grain required for export, to bring money and investment to build factories

NEP:
- Deemed unacceptable in socialist ideology
- Presence of NEP men and kulaks is capitalist

DEKULAKISAATION:
- Removal of class enemies

48
Q

How successful was colectivisation

A

Economic Success
Political Success
Economic Failure
Human Cost, Failure

49
Q

Economic Success of Collectivisation

A
  • State collected 22.8 million tonnes of grain in 1931, sufficient to provide for people and for exports
  • Grain export continued even during the famine, providing investment for industry
50
Q

Political Success of Collectivisation

A
  • 90% of peasants in collective farms by 1936
  • Famine and collectivised farms enable govt to get rid of political opposition and gain more control
  • Collectivisation led to end of Kulaks, more central control
51
Q

economic Failure of Collectivisation

A
  • requisitioned grain was left rotting, led to more starvation
  • Famine induced by continued selling of grain despite shortage
  • Poor organisation of collective farms and lack of animals led to poor harvest
  • Loss of livestock and crops due to riots
  • Decline in actual grain production due to lack of incentive
  • Did not succeed in economic and social goals
52
Q

Human cost of collectivisation

A
  • By 1932, famine had appeared in various parts of the USSR, including Ukraine
  • Massive human cost to fulfil industrial ambition
  • Famine led to death of 1 million peasants
  • 3.9 million people died in Ukraine due to famine
  • Collectivisation should have ensured better distribution, fairness and quality of life but did not
53
Q

Why industrialisation - Stalin

A

NEP:
- NEP is capitalist and ideologically unacceptable

BOOST AGRICULTURE:
- Industrialisation is important for mechanisation of agriculture
- Mechanisation allows more peasants to become workers and provides more grains

INCREASE INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT:
- Industrial output was years behind west
- Stalin feared invasion from west and wanted to prepare USSR to a capability where it can fight
- Change to outshine western capitalism

LEADERSHIP:
- Stalin wanted to further consolidate power

54
Q

How successful was the modernisation of Soviet Industry by 1941

A

Economic Success
Political Success
Social Success
Social Failure
Economic Failure

55
Q

Economic Success of the modernisation of Soviet Industry by 1941

A
56
Q

Political Success the modernisation of Soviet Industry by 1941

A
57
Q

Social Success of the modernisation of Soviet Industry by 1941

A
58
Q

Social Failure of the modernisation of Soviet Industry by 1941

A
59
Q

Economic Failure of the modernisation of Soviet Industry by 1941

A
60
Q

Collectivisation

A

1) Persuade, incentive
2) Dekulakisation
3) Collective farms

61
Q

Purges

A

1) Propoganda
2) Secret Police
3) Informing on friends
4) Show trials

62
Q

Features of industrialisation - Stalin

A

CENTRAL PLANNING AND STATE RUN ECONOMY:
- Overseen be vesenkha and gosplan
- Establishment of 5 year plan

NATIONALISAED INDUSTRY:
- Owned and run by state
- State resources nationalised - socialism
- No private ownership or profit

PRIORITISING ENERGY AND HEAVY INDUSTRY:
- Lack of focus on consumer goods

63
Q

3 5 Year plans

A

1928 - 1932:
Industry, steel, coal, chemicals

1933 - 1937:
Similar to 1st + consumer goods

1938 - 1941:
Similar to second, ended by WW2

64
Q

Why did Stalin undertake the purges

A

CONSOLIDATE POWER:
- Any member in the part with power was seen as a threat by stallin and therefore removed
- Stalin wanted an unchallenged dictatorship
- Portray himself as true leader by showing to people that other leaders cannot be trusted

COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALISATION:
- Dekulakisationn required force and induced famine
- Need to get rid of capitalist kulaks and potential opposition

65
Q

How successful was Stalin in establishing control over the Soviet Union

A

Social Success
Propaganda (Success)
Political weakness
Social Weakness

66
Q

Social Success stalin

A
  • Control over younger population through education
  • Brainwashed with propaganda to create new generation of Stalinists
  • Russian history textbooks changed, youth organisations set up, children encouraged to report parents
67
Q

Stalin Propoganda (success)

A
  • Propaganda convinced Russians of Stalins heroic nature and glorious image of communism
  • Stalins image as fellow, leader, even god like image
  • Propoganda built trust
68
Q

Political Weakness - Stalin

A
  • Need for purges and show trials suggest lack of holistic control
  • Need to remove potential threats suggests presence of uncontrolled elements and opposition
  • Actual political control would not have been known as those who opposed died
  • Regardless, stalin did manage to dominate political landscape
69
Q

Stalin Social Weakness

A
  • Disagreement in society concealed by fear of being reported
  • Need for gulags and secret police indicated presence of opposition
  • Need for threat to comply suggests fear in stalin
  • Did not matter as Stalin remained unchallenged
  • Degree of control depended on section of society in control

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